مدينة نيويورك
نيويورك | |
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من أعلى ، من اليسار إلى اليمين: مانهاتن السفلى ، سنترال بارك ، ال Unisphere ، جسر بروكلين ، تايمز سكوير ، تمثال الحرية ، مقر الأمم المتحدة ، والممشى في جزيرة كوني | |
اسماء مستعارة: التفاحة الكبيرة ، والمدينة التي لا تنام ، وجوثام ، وغيرها | |
خريطة تفاعلية تحدد مدينة نيويورك | |
![]() نيويورك الموقع داخل ولاية نيويورك ![]() نيويورك الموقع داخل الولايات المتحدة ![]() نيويورك الموقع داخل أمريكا الشمالية | |
الإحداثيات: 40.712740 ° شمالاً 74.005974 ° غربًا الإحداثيات : 40.712740 ° شمالاً 74.005974 درجة غربًا [1]40°42′46″N 74°00′22″W / / 40.712740; -74.00597440°42′46″N 74°00′22″W / / 40.712740; -74.005974 | |
دولة | الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية |
حالة | نيويورك |
منطقة | منتصف المحيط الأطلسي |
المقاطعات التأسيسية ( الأحياء ) | برونكس (ذا برونكس) كينجز (بروكلين) نيويورك (مانهاتن) كوينز (كوينز) ريتشموند (جزيرة ستاتن) |
المستعمرات التاريخية | مقاطعة نيو نذرلاند بنيويورك |
تسوية | 1624 |
موحّد | 1898 |
اسمه ل | جيمس دوق يورك |
حكومة | |
• يكتب | عمدة المجلس |
• الجسم | مجلس مدينة نيويورك |
• رئيس البلدية | بيل دي بلاسيو ( د ) |
منطقة [2] | |
• مجموع | 468.19 ميل مربع (1،212.60 كم 2 ) |
• ارض او تهبط | 300.37 ميل مربع (777.95 كم 2 ) |
• ماء | 167.82 ميل مربع (434.65 كم 2 ) |
• المترو | 13،318 ميل مربع (34،490 كم 2 ) |
ارتفاع [3] | 33 قدم (10 م) |
تعداد السكان ( 2010 ) [6] | |
• مجموع | 8175133 |
• تقدير (2019) [7] | 8،336،817 |
• رتبة | الأول في الولايات المتحدة |
• كثافة | 27755.25 / sq mi (10716.36 / كم 2 ) |
• MSA (2018) | 19،979،477 [4] ( 1 ) |
• CSA (2018) | 22،679،948 [5] ( الأول ) |
demonym (s) | نيويوركر |
وحدة زمنية | التوقيت العالمي المتفق عليه − 05:00 ( EST ) |
• الصيف ( DST ) | التوقيت العالمي المتفق عليه: 04: 00 ( بتوقيت شرق الولايات المتحدة ) |
الرمز البريدي | 100xx –104xx، 11004–05، 111xx –114xx، 116xx |
رمز (رموز) المنطقة | 212/646/332 ، 718/347/929 ، 917 |
كود FIPS | 36-51000 |
معرف ميزة GNIS | 975772 |
المطارات الرئيسية | مطار جون كنيدي مطار نيوارك ليبرتي مطار لاغوارديا مطار إسليب مطار وايت بلينز مطار ستيوارت |
ركاب السكك الحديدية | LIRR ، مترو نورث ، نيوجيرسي ترانزيت |
انتقال سريع | |
الناتج المحلي الإجمالي (المدينة ، 2019) | 884 مليار دولار [8] (الأول) |
GMP (مترو ، 2020) | 1.67 تريليون دولار [9] (الأول) |
أكبر حي من حيث المساحة | كوينز (109 أميال مربعة (280 كم 2 )) |
أكبر حي من حيث عدد السكان | بروكلين (2019 تقديرات 2.559903) [10] |
أكبر منطقة حسب الناتج المحلي الإجمالي (2019) | مانهاتن (635.3 مليار دولار) [8] |
موقع إلكتروني | NYC.gov |
جزء من سلسلة على |
مناطق نيويورك |
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مدينة نيويورك ( NYC ) ، التي غالبًا ما تسمى ببساطة نيويورك ، هي المدينة الأكثر اكتظاظًا بالسكان في الولايات المتحدة . يقدر عدد سكانها في عام 2019 بـ 8336.817 موزعة على حوالي 302.6 ميل مربع (784 كم 2 ) ، مدينة نيويورك هي أيضًا المدينة الرئيسية الأكثر كثافة سكانية في الولايات المتحدة. [11] تقع المدينة في الطرف الجنوبي لولاية نيويورك ، وهي مركز منطقة نيويورك الحضرية ، وهي أكبر منطقة حضرية في العالم من حيث الكتلة الأرضية الحضرية . [12] مع ما يقرب من 20 مليون شخص فيمنطقة إحصائية حضرية وحوالي 23 مليون في منطقتها الإحصائية المجمعة ، فهي واحدة من أكثر المدن الكبرى اكتظاظًا بالسكان في العالم . تم وصف مدينة نيويورك بأنها العاصمة الثقافية والمالية والإعلامية في العالم ، مما أثر بشكل كبير على التجارة ، [13] الترفيه ، والبحوث ، والتكنولوجيا ، والتعليم ، والسياسة ، والسياحة ، والفن ، والأزياء ، والرياضة ، وهي الأكثر تصويرًا مدينة في العالم. [14] الرئيسية ل مقر الأمم المتحدة ، [15] نيويورك مركزا هاما لل دبلوماسية الدولية ، [16] [17]وفي بعض الأحيان كانت تسمى عاصمة العالم . [18] [19]
تقع مدينة نيويورك على أحد أكبر الموانئ الطبيعية في العالم ، وتتألف من خمسة أحياء ، كل منها مقاطعة تابعة لولاية نيويورك . خمسة boroughs- بروكلين ، كوينز ، مانهاتن ، برونكس ، و جزيرة ستاتين -were إنشاؤه عندما تم الحكومات المحلية الموحدة في مدينة واحدة في عام 1898. [20] في المدينة وضواحيها تشكل بوابة لرئيس الوزراء القانونية الهجرة إلى الولايات المتحدة الدول . يتم التحدث بما يصل إلى 800 لغة في نيويورك ، [21] مما يجعلها الأكثر لغويًامدينة متنوعة في العالم. نيويورك هي موطن لأكثر من 3.2 مليون مقيم ولدوا خارج الولايات المتحدة ، [22] أكبر عدد من السكان المولودين في الخارج في أي مدينة في العالم اعتبارًا من عام 2016. [23] [24] اعتبارًا من عام 2019 [update]، منطقة العاصمة نيويورك يُقدر أن ينتج ناتجًا حضريًا إجماليًا ( GMP ) يبلغ 2.0 تريليون دولار. إذا كانت منطقة نيويورك الحضرية دولة ذات سيادة ، لكان لديها ثامن أكبر اقتصاد في العالم. نيويورك هي موطن لأكبر عدد من المليارديرات في أي مدينة في العالم. [25]
مدينة نيويورك يتتبع أصولها إلى مركز تجاري قائم على الطرف الجنوبي من مانهاتن جزيرة التي كتبها الهولندي المستعمرين في 1624. التسوية كان اسمه نيو أمستردام ( هولندا : نييو أمستردام كانت مستأجرة) في 1626 وكمدينة في 1653. [26] أصبحت المدينة تحت السيطرة الإنجليزية في عام 1664 وتم تغيير اسمها إلى نيويورك بعد أن منح الملك تشارلز الثاني ملك إنجلترا الأراضي لشقيقه دوق يورك . [26] [27] استعاد الهولنديون المدينة في يوليو 1673 وأطلقوا عليها اسم نيو أورانج لمدة عام وثلاثة أشهر. تم تسمية المدينة باستمرار باسم نيويورك منذ نوفمبر 1674. [28][29] كانت مدينة نيويورك عاصمة الولايات المتحدة من 1785 حتى 1790، [30] وكانت أكبر مدينة في الولايات المتحدة منذ عام 1790. [31] و تمثال الحرية في استقبال ملايين المهاجرين لأنها جاءت إلى الولايات المتحدة على متن سفينة في أواخر القرن التاسع عشر وأوائل القرن العشرين ، [32] وهي رمز للولايات المتحدة ومُثلها العليا في الحرية والسلام. [33] في القرن الحادي والعشرين ، برزت نيويورك كعقدة عالمية للإبداع وريادة الأعمال [34] والاستدامة البيئية ، [35] [36] ورمزًا للحرية والتنوع الثقافي. [37]في عام 2019 ، تم التصويت لنيويورك على أنها أكبر مدينة في العالم من خلال دراسة استقصائية شملت أكثر من 30 ألف شخص من 48 مدينة حول العالم ، مشيرة إلى تنوعها الثقافي. [38]
العديد من المناطق والمعالم في مدينة نيويورك معروفة جيدًا ، بما في ذلك ثلاثة من أكثر عشرة مناطق جذب سياحي زيارة في العالم في عام 2013. [39] سجل 62.8 مليون سائح زاروا مدينة نيويورك في عام 2017. ميدان التايمز هو المحور المضاء في برودواي منطقة المسارح ، [40] واحدة من أكثر تقاطعات المشاة ازدحامًا في العالم ، [41] [42] ومركزًا رئيسيًا لصناعة الترفيه في العالم . [43] العديد من معالم المدينة، ناطحات السحاب ، [44] و الحدائق معروفة في جميع أنحاء العالم. و مبنى امباير ستيتأصبح المعيار العالمي المرجعي لوصف ارتفاع وطول الهياكل الأخرى. [45] [46] [47] سوق العقارات في مانهاتن هو من بين أغلى سوق في العالم. [48] [49] توفير خدمة مستمرة على مدار الساعة طوال أيام الأسبوع والمساهمة في لقب المدينة التي لا تنام ، يعد مترو أنفاق مدينة نيويورك أكبر نظام نقل سريع لمشغل واحد في جميع أنحاء العالم ، مع 472 محطة سكة حديد. ويوجد في المدينة أكثر من 120 الكليات والجامعات ، بما في ذلك جامعة كولومبيا ، جامعة نيويورك ، جامعة روكفلر ، ونظام جامعة مدينة نيويورك ، وهو أكبر نظام جامعي حكومي حضري في الولايات المتحدة. [50] تم ترسيخها من قبل وول ستريت في الحي المالي في مانهاتن السفلى ، وقد تم تسمية مدينة نيويورك كلاً من المركز المالي الرائد في العالم والمدينة الأقوى من الناحية المالية في العالم ، وهي موطن لأكبر بورصتين في العالم من حيث إجمالي السوق رأس المال ، و بورصة نيويورك و ناسداك . [51] [52]
علم أصول الكلمات
في عام 1664 ، تم تسمية المدينة تكريما لدوق يورك ، الذي سيصبح الملك جيمس الثاني ملك إنجلترا . [53] عين الأخ الأكبر لجيمس ، الملك تشارلز الثاني ، مالكًا لدوق الأراضي السابقة لنيو نذرلاند ، بما في ذلك مدينة نيو أمستردام ، عندما استولت عليها إنجلترا من الهولنديين. [54]
تاريخ
التاريخ المبكر
في حقبة ما قبل الاستعمار ، كانت منطقة مدينة نيويورك الحالية مأهولة من قبل الأمريكيين الأصليين الغونكيين ، بما في ذلك لينابي . تضم موطنهم ، المعروف باسم Lenapehoking ، جزيرة ستاتن ومانهاتن وبرونكس والجزء الغربي من لونغ آيلاند (بما في ذلك المناطق التي أصبحت فيما بعد أحياء بروكلين وكوينز) ووادي هدسون السفلي . [55]
كانت أول زيارة موثقة إلى ميناء نيويورك من قبل أوروبي في عام 1524 من قبل جيوفاني دا فيرازانو ، مستكشف فلورنسي في خدمة التاج الفرنسي . [56] طالب بالمنطقة لفرنسا وأطلق عليها اسم نوفيل أنغوليم ( نيو أنغوليم ). [57] وصلت بعثة استكشافية إسبانية بقيادة القبطان البرتغالي إستيفاو غوميز للإبحار للإمبراطور تشارلز الخامس ، إلى ميناء نيويورك في يناير 1525 ورسمت مصب نهر هدسون ، والذي سماه ريو دي سان أنطونيو(نهر القديس أنتوني). تم إخطار بادرون ريال لعام 1527 ، وهي أول خريطة علمية تُظهر الساحل الشرقي لأمريكا الشمالية بشكل مستمر ، من قبل بعثة غوميز ووصفت شمال شرق الولايات المتحدة باسم تييرا دي إستيبان غوميز تكريماً له. [58]
في عام 1609 ، اكتشف المستكشف الإنجليزي هنري هدسون ميناء نيويورك أثناء بحثه عن الممر الشمالي الغربي إلى الشرق لصالح شركة الهند الشرقية الهولندية . [59] شرع في الإبحار ما أطلق عليه الهولنديون اسم نهر الشمال (الآن نهر هدسون ) ، والذي أطلق عليه هدسون اسم موريشيوس بعد موريس ، أمير أورانج . وصف رفيق هدسون الأول الميناء بأنه "ميناء جيد جدًا لجميع الرياح" والنهر "بعرض ميل واحد" و "مليء بالأسماك". [60] أبحر هدسون حوالي 150 ميلاً (240 كم) شمالاً ، [61]الماضي في موقع الوقت الحاضر ولاية نيويورك عاصمة لل ألباني ، في الاعتقاد بأنه قد يكون المحيطات رافد قبل أن يصبح نهر ضحل جدا على الاستمرار. [60] قام باستكشاف المنطقة لمدة عشرة أيام وطالب بالمنطقة لصالح شركة الهند الشرقية الهولندية. في 1614، في المنطقة الواقعة بين كيب كود و ديلاوير خليج وتبنت من قبل هولندا وتسمى نيو هولندا ( نيو هولندا ).
كان خوان رودريغيز هو أول مواطن أمريكي غير أصلي لما سيصبح في نهاية المطاف مدينة نيويورك (تمت ترجمته إلى الهولندية باسم جان رودريغيز ) ، وهو تاجر من سانتو دومينغو . ولد في سانتو دومينغو من البرتغالية و الأفريقية الأصل، وصل في مانهاتن خلال فصل الشتاء من 1613-1614، ومحاصرة للجلد والتجارة مع السكان المحليين كممثل من الهولنديين. برودواي ، من شارع 159 إلى شارع 218 في مانهاتن العليا ، تم تسمية خوان رودريغيز واي تكريما له. [62] [63]
الحكم الهولندي
بدأ التواجد الأوروبي الدائم بالقرب من ميناء نيويورك في عام 1624 - مما جعل نيويورك تحتل المركز الثاني عشر في قائمة أقدم مستوطنة أوروبية محتلة باستمرار في الولايات المتحدة القارية [64] - مع تأسيس مستوطنة هولندية لتجارة الفراء في جزيرة جفرنرز . في 1625، بدأ بناء على قلعة و حصن أمستردام ، ودعا في وقت لاحق نييو أمستردام (نيو أمستردام)، في الوقت الحاضر جزيرة مانهاتن. [65] [66] تركزت مستعمرة نيو أمستردام على ما سيعرف لاحقًا باسم مانهاتن السفلى. امتدت من الطرف السفلي لمانهاتن إلى وول ستريت الحديثة، حيث تم بناء حاجز خشبي بطول 12 قدمًا في عام 1653 للحماية من الغارات الأمريكية والبريطانية. [67] في عام 1626 ، اشترى المدير العام الاستعماري الهولندي بيتر مينويت ، بصفته مسؤولاً عن شركة الهند الغربية الهولندية ، جزيرة مانهاتن من كانارسي ، وهي فرقة ليناب صغيرة ، [68] مقابل "قيمة 60 جيلدرز " [69] (حوالي 900 دولار في 2018). [70] تزعم أسطورة مرفوضة أن مانهاتن تم شراؤها مقابل 24 دولارًا من الخرز الزجاجي. [71] [72]
بعد الشراء ، نمت نيو أمستردام ببطء. [73] لجذب المستوطنين ، أسس الهولنديون النظام الوطني في عام 1628 ، حيث سيتم منح الهولنديين الأثرياء ( الرعاة أو الرعاة) الذين أحضروا 50 مستعمرًا إلى نيو نذرلاند مساحات من الأرض ، إلى جانب الاستقلال السياسي المحلي وحقوق المشاركة في تجارة الفراء المربحة. حقق هذا البرنامج نجاحًا ضئيلًا. [74]
منذ عام 1621 ، عملت شركة الهند الغربية الهولندية كاحتكار في نيو نذرلاند ، بناءً على السلطة الممنوحة من قبل الجنرال الهولندي . في 1639-1640 ، في محاولة لتعزيز النمو الاقتصادي ، تخلت شركة الهند الغربية الهولندية عن احتكارها لتجارة الفراء ، مما أدى إلى نمو إنتاج وتجارة المواد الغذائية والأخشاب والتبغ والعبيد (خاصة مع جزر الهند الغربية الهولندية ). [73] [75]
في عام 1647 ، بدأ بيتر ستايفسانت ولايته كآخر مدير عام لنيو نذرلاند. خلال فترة ولايته ، نما عدد سكان نيو نذرلاند من 2000 إلى 8000. [76] [77] ستايفسانت كان له الفضل في تحسين القانون والنظام في المستعمرة. ومع ذلك ، فقد اكتسب سمعة كزعيم مستبد. وقال انه مفروض اللوائح على مبيعات الخمور، وحاولوا السيطرة ASSERT على الكنيسة البروتستانتية الهولندية ، ومنعت الجماعات الدينية الأخرى (بما في ذلك الكويكرز ، اليهود ، و اللوثريين ) من إقامة دور العبادة. [78]ستحاول شركة الهند الغربية الهولندية في النهاية تخفيف التوترات بين Stuyvesant وسكان نيو أمستردام. [79]
حكم اللغة الإنجليزية
في عام 1664 ، غير قادر على استدعاء أي مقاومة كبيرة ، استسلم Stuyvesant نيو أمستردام للقوات الإنجليزية ، بقيادة العقيد ريتشارد نيكولس ، دون إراقة دماء. [78] [79] سمحت شروط الاستسلام للسكان الهولنديين بالبقاء في المستعمرة والسماح بالحرية الدينية. [80] في عام 1667 ، أثناء المفاوضات التي أدت إلى معاهدة بريدا بعد الحرب الأنجلو هولندية الثانية ، قرر الهولنديون الحفاظ على مستعمرة المزارع الوليدة لما يعرف الآن بسورينام (على الساحل الشمالي لأمريكا الجنوبية) التي اكتسبوها من الإنجليزية. ؛ وفي المقابل ، احتفظ الإنجليز بأمستردام الجديدة . تمت إعادة تسمية المستوطنة الوليدة على الفور "نيويورك" بعددوق يورك (الملك المستقبلي جيمس الثاني والسابع) ، الذي أطيح به في النهاية في الثورة المجيدة . [81] وبعد تأسيس، وقدم دوق جزءا من مستعمرة إلى أصحاب جورج كارتريت و جون بيركلي . فورت أورانج ، 150 ميلاً (240 كم) شمالاً على نهر هدسون ، أعيدت تسميته بألباني بعد لقب جيمس الاسكتلندي. [82] تم تأكيد النقل في عام 1667 من خلال معاهدة بريدا ، التي أنهت الحرب الأنجلو هولندية الثانية . [83]
في 24 أغسطس 1673 ، خلال الحرب الأنجلو هولندية الثالثة ، استولى الكابتن الهولندي أنتوني كولفي على مستعمرة نيويورك من الإنجليز بأمر من كورنيليس إيفرتسن الأصغر وأعاد تسميتها "نيو أورانج" على اسم ويليام الثالث ، أمير أورانج. . [84] سيعيد الهولنديون الجزيرة قريبًا إلى إنجلترا بموجب معاهدة وستمنستر في نوفمبر 1674. [85] [86]
تسببت العديد من الحروب القبلية بين الأمريكيين الأصليين وبعض الأوبئة الناجمة عن الاتصال بالأوروبيين في خسائر سكانية كبيرة للينابي بين عامي 1660 و 1670. [87] بحلول عام 1700 ، تقلص عدد سكان لينابي إلى 200. [88] نيويورك عانى العديد من أوبئة الحمى الصفراء في القرن الثامن عشر ، مما أدى إلى فقدان 10٪ من سكانها بسبب المرض في عام 1702 وحده. [89] [90]
مقاطعة نيويورك
نمت أهمية نيويورك كميناء تجاري بينما كانت جزءًا من مستعمرة نيويورك في أوائل القرن الثامن عشر. [91] أصبحت أيضًا مركزًا للعبودية ، حيث كان 42٪ من الأسر تحتجز العبيد بحلول عام 1730 ، وهي أعلى نسبة خارج تشارلستون ، ساوث كارولينا . [92] احتجز معظم مالكي العبيد عددًا قليلاً أو أكثر من العبيد المنزليين ، بينما استأجرهم آخرون للعمل في العمل. أصبحت العبودية مرتبطة ارتباطًا وثيقًا باقتصاد نيويورك من خلال عمل العبيد في جميع أنحاء الميناء ، وتم ربط البنوك والشحن بالجنوب الأمريكي . اكتشاف أرض الدفن الأفريقية في التسعينيات ، أثناء بناء محكمة اتحادية جديدةبالقرب من ميدان فولي ، كشف عن دفن عشرات الآلاف من الأفارقة في المنطقة في الفترة الاستعمارية. [93]
ساعدت محاكمة وتبرئة جون بيتر زينجر في مانهاتن عام 1735 ، الذي اتهم بالتشهير التحريضي بعد انتقاد الحاكم الاستعماري وليام كوسبي ، في تأسيس حرية الصحافة في أمريكا الشمالية. [94] في 1754 ، تأسست جامعة كولومبيا بموجب ميثاق من قبل الملك جورج الثاني باسم كينجز كوليدج في مانهاتن السفلى. [95]
الثورة الأمريكية
و ختم الكونغرس قانون التقى في نيويورك في أكتوبر 1765، حيث أن أبناء الحرية ، نظمت في المدينة، ووقعت مصادمات على مدى السنوات العشر القادمة مع القوات البريطانية المتمركزة هناك. [96] و معركة لونغ آيلاند ، وهي أكبر معركة الحرب الثورية الأمريكية وقاتلوا، في أغسطس 1776 داخل البلدة في العصر الحديث في بروكلين. [97] بعد المعركة التي هُزم فيها الأمريكيون ، جعل البريطانيون المدينة قاعدتهم العسكرية والسياسية لعملياتهم في أمريكا الشمالية. كانت المدينة ملاذاً للمواليناللاجئون والعبيد الهاربون الذين انضموا إلى الخطوط البريطانية من أجل الحرية التي وعد بها التاج حديثًا لجميع المقاتلين. احتشد ما يصل إلى 10000 من العبيد الهاربين إلى المدينة أثناء الاحتلال البريطاني. عندما تم إخلاء القوات البريطانية في نهاية الحرب عام 1783 ، قاموا بنقل 3000 من المحررين لإعادة توطينهم في نوفا سكوشا . [98] أعادوا توطين رجال تحرير آخرين في إنجلترا ومنطقة البحر الكاريبي .
جرت المحاولة الوحيدة للتوصل إلى حل سلمي للحرب في قاعة المؤتمرات في جزيرة ستاتن بين المندوبين الأمريكيين ، بما في ذلك بنجامين فرانكلين ، والجنرال البريطاني لورد هاو في 11 سبتمبر 1776. بعد فترة وجيزة من بدء الاحتلال البريطاني ، اندلعت حريق نيو العظيم. حدث حريق كبير في يورك على الجانب الغربي من مانهاتن السفلى ، دمر حوالي ربع المباني في المدينة ، بما في ذلك كنيسة الثالوث . [99]
في عام 1785 ، جعلت جمعية الكونغرس الكونفدرالية مدينة نيويورك العاصمة الوطنية بعد الحرب بوقت قصير. كانت نيويورك آخر عاصمة للولايات المتحدة بموجب مواد الكونفدرالية وأول عاصمة بموجب دستور الولايات المتحدة . استضافت مدينة نيويورك كعاصمة الولايات المتحدة العديد من الأحداث ذات النطاق الوطني في عام 1789 - تم تنصيب أول رئيس للولايات المتحدة ، جورج واشنطن ؛ أول كونغرس الولايات المتحدة و المحكمة العليا في الولايات المتحدة تجميعها لأول مرة لكل منهما؛ و بيل الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية لحقوق صيغت، في كل قاعة الاتحادية في وول ستريت.[100] بحلول عام 1790 ، تجاوزت نيويورك فيلادلفيا لتصبح أكبر مدينة في الولايات المتحدة ، ولكن بحلول نهاية ذلك العام ، وفقًا لقانون الإقامة ، تم نقل العاصمة الوطنية إلى فيلادلفيا. [101] [102]
القرن التاسع عشر
على مدار القرن التاسع عشر ، نما عدد سكان مدينة نيويورك من 60.000 إلى 3.43 مليون. [104] بموجب قانون الإلغاء الصادر عن ولاية نيويورك عام 1799 ، كان من المقرر إطلاق سراح أطفال الأمهات العبيد في نهاية المطاف ولكن سيتم احتجازهم في العبودية بعقد حتى منتصف العشرينات من عمرهم. [105] [106] جنبًا إلى جنب مع العبيد الذين حررهم أسيادهم بعد الحرب الثورية والعبيد الهاربين ، تطور عدد كبير من السكان السود الأحرار تدريجيًا في مانهاتن. تحت هذا النفوذ مؤسسي الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية كما الكسندر هاملتون و جون جاي ، و جمعية تحرير العبيد نيويورك عملت لإلغاء وأنشأالمدرسة الأفريقية الحرة لتعليم الأطفال السود. [107] لم يتم إلغاء العبودية تمامًا في الولاية حتى عام 1827 ، وكافح السود الأحرار بعد ذلك بالتمييز. واستمر نشاط المناضلين ضد عقوبة الإعدام بين الأعراق في نيويورك ؛ وكان من بين قادتها خريجو المدرسة الأفريقية الحرة. قفز عدد سكان مدينة نيويورك من 123.706 في عام 1820 إلى 312.710 بحلول عام 1840 ، من بينهم 16000 من السود. [108] [109]
في القرن التاسع عشر ، تحولت المدينة من خلال التطور المرتبط بوضعها كمركز تجاري وطني ودولي ، وكذلك بسبب الهجرة الأوروبية. [110] تبنت المدينة خطة المفوضين لعام 1811 ، والتي وسعت شبكة شوارع المدينة لتشمل كل مانهاتن تقريبًا. إنجاز 1825 من قناة إيري من خلال وسط مدينة نيويورك ربط ميناء الأطلسي إلى الأسواق الزراعية والسلع من الداخل أمريكا الشمالية عبر نهر هدسون و البحيرات العظمى . [111] أصبحت السياسة المحلية تحت سيطرة تاماني هول ، أآلة سياسية مدعومة الايرلندي و المهاجرين الألمان . [112]
عدة الأمريكية البارزة الشخصيات الأدبية عاش في نيويورك خلال 1830s و 1840s، بما في ذلك وليام كولين بريانت ، واشنطن ايرفينغ ، هيرمان ميلفيل ، روفوس ويلموت جريسوولد ، جون كيزي ، ناثانيل باركر ويليس ، و إدغار آلان بو . ضغط أعضاء ذوو العقلية العامة من نخبة رجال الأعمال المعاصرين من أجل إنشاء سنترال بارك ، الذي أصبح في عام 1857 أول حديقة ذات مناظر طبيعية في مدينة أمريكية.
أدت المجاعة الأيرلندية الكبرى إلى تدفق أعداد كبيرة من المهاجرين الأيرلنديين ؛ كان أكثر من 200000 يعيشون في نيويورك بحلول عام 1860 ، أي ما يزيد عن ربع سكان المدينة. [113] كانت هناك أيضًا هجرة واسعة النطاق من المقاطعات الألمانية ، حيث عطلت الثورات المجتمعات ، وشكل الألمان 25٪ أخرى من سكان نيويورك بحلول عام 1860. [114]
تم انتخاب مرشحي الحزب الديمقراطي باستمرار لشغل مناصب محلية ، مما زاد من روابط المدينة بالجنوب والحزب المهيمن فيها. في عام 1861 ، دعا العمدة فرناندو وود أعضاء مجلس النواب لإعلان الاستقلال عن ألباني والولايات المتحدة بعد انفصال الجنوب ، ولكن لم يتم تنفيذ اقتراحه. [107] الغضب في جديدة التجنيد العسكري القوانين خلال الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية (1861-1865)، والتي تدخر الرجال الأكثر ثراء الذين يمكن أن تحمل لدفع 300 $ (أي ما يعادل 6229 $ في 2019) رسوم تخفيف لاستئجار بديل، [115] أدى إلى و مشروع أعمال الشغب لعام 1863 ، التي كانت عرقية الطبقة العاملة الايرلندية معظم المشاركين مرئية. [107]
تدهورت أعمال الشغب المسودة إلى هجمات على النخبة في نيويورك ، تلتها هجمات على السود في نيويورك وممتلكاتهم بعد منافسة شرسة على مدى عقد بين المهاجرين الأيرلنديين والسود على العمل. قام المشاغبون بإحراق ملجأ الأيتام الملون على الأرض ، حيث نجا أكثر من 200 طفل من الأذى بسبب جهود إدارة شرطة نيويورك ، والتي كانت تتكون أساسًا من المهاجرين الأيرلنديين. [114] قُتل ما لا يقل عن 120 شخصًا. [116] تم إعدام أحد عشر رجلاً أسودًا دون محاكمة على مدار خمسة أيام ، وأجبرت أعمال الشغب مئات السود على الفرار من المدينة إلى ويليامزبرج ، وبروكلين ، ونيوجيرسي. انخفض عدد السكان السود في مانهاتن إلى أقل من 10000 بحلول عام 1865 ، وكان ذلك آخر مرة في عام 1820. وقد فرضت الطبقة العاملة البيضاء هيمنتها.[114] [116] كان عنف عمال الشحن والتفريغ ضد الرجال السود شرسًا بشكل خاص في منطقة الأرصفة. [114] كانت واحدة من أسوأ حوادث الاضطرابات المدنية في التاريخ الأمريكي. [117]
التاريخ الحديث
في عام 1898 ، تم تشكيل مدينة نيويورك الحديثة بتوحيد بروكلين (حتى ذلك الحين مدينة منفصلة) ، ومقاطعة نيويورك (التي تضمنت بعد ذلك أجزاء من برونكس) ، ومقاطعة ريتشموند ، والجزء الغربي من مقاطعة كوينز. [118] ساعد افتتاح مترو الأنفاق في عام 1904 ، والذي تم بناؤه لأول مرة على شكل أنظمة خاصة منفصلة ، على ربط المدينة الجديدة ببعضها البعض. [119] خلال النصف الأول من القرن العشرين ، أصبحت المدينة مركزًا عالميًا للصناعة والتجارة والاتصالات. [120]
في عام 1904 ، اشتعلت النيران في الباخرة العامة سلوكم في النهر الشرقي ، مما أسفر عن مقتل 1021 شخصًا كانوا على متنها. [121] في عام 1911 ، أدى حريق مصنع Triangle Shirtwaist ، وهو أسوأ كارثة صناعية في المدينة ، إلى مقتل 146 من عمال الملابس ودفع نمو الاتحاد الدولي لعمال الملابس للسيدات وإدخال تحسينات كبيرة في معايير سلامة المصنع. [122]
كان عدد سكان نيويورك من غير البيض 36620 في عام 1890. [123] كانت مدينة نيويورك وجهة رئيسية في أوائل القرن العشرين للأمريكيين من أصل أفريقي أثناء الهجرة الكبرى من الجنوب الأمريكي ، وبحلول عام 1916 ، أصبحت مدينة نيويورك موطنًا لـ أكبر الشتات الحضري الأفريقي في أمريكا الشمالية. [124] و نهضة هارلم الحياة الأدبية والثقافية ازدهرت في عهد حظر . [125] أدى الازدهار الاقتصادي الأكبر إلى إنشاء ناطحات سحاب تتنافس في الارتفاع وخلق أفق يمكن تحديده .
أصبحت نيويورك المنطقة الحضرية الأكثر اكتظاظًا بالسكان في العالم في أوائل عشرينيات القرن الماضي ، متجاوزة لندن. تجاوزت منطقة العاصمة 10 ملايين في أوائل الثلاثينيات ، لتصبح أول مدينة ضخمة في تاريخ البشرية. [126] شهدت السنوات الصعبة للكساد العظيم انتخاب المصلح فيوريلو لا غوارديا عمدة وسقوط تاماني هول بعد ثمانين عامًا من الهيمنة السياسية. [127]
خلق قدامى المحاربين العائدين في الحرب العالمية الثانية طفرة اقتصادية بعد الحرب وتطوير مساحات سكنية كبيرة في شرق كوينز ومقاطعة ناسو بالإضافة إلى مناطق ضواحي مماثلة في نيوجيرسي. خرجت نيويورك من الحرب سالمة كمدينة رائدة في العالم ، مع وول ستريت مكانة أمريكا باعتبارها القوة الاقتصادية المهيمنة في العالم. في مقر الأمم المتحدة واكتمل في عام 1952، ترسيخ العالمي في نيويورك الجيوسياسي النفوذ، وصعود التعبيرية التجريدية في مدينة عجل النزوح نيويورك من باريس كمركز للعالم الفن. [128]
كانت أعمال الشغب في Stonewall عبارة عن سلسلة من المظاهرات العفوية والعنيفة من قبل أعضاء مجتمع المثليين ضد غارة للشرطة وقعت في الساعات الأولى من صباح يوم 28 يونيو 1969 ، في Stonewall Inn في حي Greenwich Village في مانهاتن السفلى. [132] يُنظر إليها على نطاق واسع على أنها تشكل الحدث الوحيد الأكثر أهمية الذي أدى إلى حركة تحرير المثليين [129] [133] [134] [135] والنضال الحديث من أجل حقوق المثليين . [136] [137] واين آر داينز ، مؤلف كتابموسوعة الشذوذ الجنسي ، كتبت أن ملكات السحب هم الوحيدون "المتحولين جنسياً" خلال أعمال الشغب التي وقعت في يونيو 1969 . و المتحولين جنسيا لعبت المجتمع في مدينة نيويورك دورا هاما في النضال من أجل المساواة LGBT خلال فترة أعمال الشغب إرفض وبعد ذلك. [138]
في السبعينيات من القرن الماضي ، تسبب فقدان الوظائف بسبب إعادة الهيكلة الصناعية في معاناة مدينة نيويورك من مشاكل اقتصادية وارتفاع معدلات الجريمة. [139] بينما أدى ظهور الصناعة المالية إلى تحسن كبير في الصحة الاقتصادية للمدينة في الثمانينيات ، استمر معدل الجريمة في نيويورك في الزيادة خلال ذلك العقد وحتى بداية التسعينيات. [140] بحلول منتصف التسعينيات ، بدأت معدلات الجريمة في الانخفاض بشكل كبير بسبب استراتيجيات الشرطة المنقحة ، وتحسين الفرص الاقتصادية ، والتحسين ، والمقيمين الجدد ، سواء من الأمريكيين أو المهاجرين الجدد من آسيا وأمريكا اللاتينية. ظهرت قطاعات جديدة مهمة ، مثل Silicon Alley ، في اقتصاد المدينة. [141]وصل عدد سكان نيويورك إلى أعلى مستوياته على الإطلاق في تعداد عام 2000 ثم مرة أخرى في تعداد عام 2010.
عانت مدينة نيويورك الجزء الأكبر من الأضرار الاقتصادية وأكبر خسارة في الأرواح البشرية في أعقاب هجمات 11 سبتمبر / أيلول 2001 . [142] طائرتان من الطائرات الأربع التي تم اختطافها في ذلك اليوم تم نقلهما جوا إلى برجي مركز التجارة العالمي ، مما أدى إلى تدميرهما وقتل 2192 مدنيا و 343 رجل إطفاء و 71 ضابط إنفاذ قانون. أصبح البرج الشمالي أطول مبنى يتم تدميره على الإطلاق في أي وقت أو لاحقًا. [143]
أعيد بناء المنطقة مع الجديد مركز التجارة العالمية الاولى ، و 11/09 التذكارية والمتاحف ، وغيرها من المباني والبنية التحتية الجديدة. [144] و محطة PATH مركز التجارة العالمي قد دمرت، والذي افتتح يوم 19 يوليو 1909 باعتبارها محطة هدسون، وأيضا في الهجمات. تم بناء محطة مؤقتة وافتتحت في 23 نوفمبر 2003. محطة سكة حديد دائمة بمساحة 800000 قدم مربع (74000 م 2 ) صممها سانتياغو كالاترافا ، مركز النقل بمركز التجارة العالمي ، ثالث أكبر مركز في المدينة ، اكتمل في عام 2016 . [145] الجديد برجي مركز التجارة العالمي هو أطول ناطحة سحاب في نصف الكرة الغربي [146]و السادسة وأطول مبنى في العالم قبل قمة الارتفاع، مع مستدقة تصل رمزية 1776 قدم (541.3 متر) في اشارة الى سنة استقلال الولايات المتحدة . [147] [148] [149] [150]
و تحتل وول ستريت الاحتجاجات في حديقة Zuccotti في الحي المالي بدأت من مانهاتن يوم 17 سبتمبر 2011، وتلقى اهتماما عالميا والترويج لل حركة احتلوا ضد الاجتماعي و التفاوت الاقتصادي في جميع أنحاء العالم. [151]
في مارس 2020 ، تم تأكيد أول حالة إصابة بـ COVID-19 في المدينة في مانهاتن. [152] سرعان ما أصبحت المدينة المركز العالمي للوباء خلال المرحلة المبكرة ، قبل أن تنتشر العدوى في جميع أنحاء العالم وبقية البلاد. اعتبارًا من مارس 2021 ، سجلت مدينة نيويورك أكثر من 30000 حالة وفاة بسبب المضاعفات المرتبطة بـ COVID-19.
جغرافية
خلال فترة التجلد في ولاية ويسكونسن ، منذ 75000 إلى 11000 عام ، كانت منطقة مدينة نيويورك تقع على حافة صفيحة جليدية كبيرة يبلغ عمقها أكثر من 2000 قدم (610 م). [153] والتحرك إلى الأمام التآكل من الجليد (وتراجع لاحقا) ساهمت في الفصل بين ما هو الآن لونغ آيلاند و جزيرة ستاتن . ترك هذا الإجراء أيضًا حجر الأساس على عمق ضحل نسبيًا ، مما وفر أساسًا متينًا لمعظم ناطحات السحاب في مانهاتن. [154]
يقع في مدينة نيويورك في شمال شرق الولايات المتحدة ، في جنوب شرق ولاية نيويورك، في منتصف المسافة تقريبا بين واشنطن، DC و بوسطن . ساعد الموقع عند مصب نهر هدسون ، والذي يصب في ميناء محمي بشكل طبيعي ثم في المحيط الأطلسي ، على زيادة أهمية المدينة كميناء تجاري. تم بناء معظم مدينة نيويورك على الجزر الثلاث لونج آيلاند ومانهاتن وستاتن آيلاند.
على نهر هدسون يتدفق عبر وادي هدسون في نيويورك خليج . بين مدينة نيويورك وتروي ، نيويورك ، النهر هو مصب النهر . [155] يفصل نهر هدسون المدينة عن ولاية نيو جيرسي الأمريكية . في نهر الشرق -a المد والجزر المضيق -flows من لونغ آيلاند الصوت ويفصل بين برونكس ومانهاتن من لونغ آيلاند. و نهر هارلم ، المد والجزر المضيق آخر بين نهري الأوسط وهدسون، يفصل أكثر من مانهاتن من برونكس. و نهر برونكس ، الذي يتدفق عبر برونكس و ستشستر، هو نهر المياه العذبة الوحيد بالكامل في المدينة. [156]
تم تغيير أراضي المدينة بشكل كبير من خلال التدخل البشري ، مع استصلاح كبير للأراضي على طول الواجهات المائية منذ عهد الاستعمار الهولندي ؛ الاستصلاح هو الأبرز في مانهاتن السفلى ، مع تطورات مثل Battery Park City في السبعينيات والثمانينيات. [157] تمت تسوية بعض التضاريس الطبيعية في التضاريس ، خاصة في مانهاتن. [158]
تبلغ المساحة الإجمالية للمدينة 468.484 ميلاً مربعاً (1213.37 كم 2 ) ؛ 302.643 ميل مربع (783.84 كم 2 ) من المدينة هي الأرض و 165.841 ميل مربع (429.53 كم 2 ) من هذه المياه. [159] [160] أعلى نقطة في المدينة هي تود هيل في جزيرة ستاتين ، والتي ترتفع 409.8 قدم (124.9 مترًا) فوق مستوى سطح البحر ، وهي أعلى نقطة على الساحل الشرقي جنوب ولاية مين . [161] قمة التلال مغطاة في الغالب بالأراضي الحرجية كجزء من الحزام الأخضر لجزيرة ستاتن . [162]
بورو
الأحياء الخمسة في مدينة نيويورك | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
الاختصاص القضائي | تعداد السكان | الناتج المحلي الإجمالي | مساحة الأرض | كثافة | ||||
بورو | مقاطعة | تقدير (2019) | مليارات الدولارات (2012 دولار أمريكي) | ميلا مربعا | كيلومتر مربع | الأشخاص / ميل 2 | شخص / كم 2 | |
ذا برونكس | برونكس | 1،418،207 | 42.695 | 42.10 | 109.04 | 33867 | 13،006 | |
بروكلين | ملوك | 2،559،903 | 91.559 | 70.82 | 183.42 | 36147 | 13957 | |
مانهاتن | نيويورك | 1،628،706 | 600.244 | 22.83 | 59.13 | 71341 | 27.544 | |
كوينز | كوينز | 2،253،858 | 93.310 | 108.53 | 281.09 | 20،767 | 8018 | |
جزيرة ستاتين | ريتشموند | 476143 | 14.514 | 58.37 | 151.18 | 8157 | 3،150 | |
مدينة نيويورك | 8،336،817 | 842.343 | 302.64 | 783.83 | 27.547 | 10.636 | ||
ولاية نيويورك | 19453.561 | 1،731.910 | 47،126.40 | 122،056.82 | 412 | 159 | ||
المصادر: [163] [164] [165] وانظر مقالات الأحياء الفردية |
يشار إلى مدينة نيويورك أحيانًا بشكل جماعي باسم Five Boroughs . [166] هناك المئات من الأحياء المتميزة في جميع أنحاء الأحياء ، والعديد منها له تاريخ وشخصية يمكن تحديدها.
إذا كانت الأحياء عبارة عن مدن مستقلة ، فإن أربعة من الأحياء (بروكلين وكوينز ومانهاتن وبرونكس) ستكون من بين المدن العشر الأكثر اكتظاظًا بالسكان في الولايات المتحدة (ستحتل جزيرة ستاتن المرتبة 37 اعتبارًا من عام 2020) ؛ تتشابه هذه الأحياء مع المقاطعات الأربع الأكثر اكتظاظًا بالسكان في الولايات المتحدة: نيويورك (مانهاتن) ، كينجز (بروكلين) ، برونكس ، وكوينز.
مانهاتن
مانهاتن (مقاطعة نيويورك) هي أصغر منطقة جغرافية وأكثرها كثافة سكانية ، وهي موطن لسنترال بارك ومعظم ناطحات السحاب في المدينة ، وتُعرف أحيانًا محليًا باسم المدينة . [167] الكثافة السكانية في مانهاتن من 72033 شخص لكل ميل مربع (27812 / كم 2 ) في عام 2015 يجعله أعلى من أي مقاطعة في الولايات المتحدة و أعلى من كثافة أي مدينة أميركية الفردية . [168]
مانهاتن الثقافي والإداري، و المركز المالي لمدينة نيويورك، ويحتوي على مقر للعديد من كبرى الشركات المتعددة الجنسيات ، و مقر الأمم المتحدة ، وول ستريت ، وعدد من الجامعات المهمة. غالبًا ما توصف بلدة مانهاتن بأنها المركز المالي والثقافي للعالم. [169] [170]
يقع معظم البلدة في جزيرة مانهاتن ، عند مصب نهر هدسون. العديد من الجزر الصغيرة أيضا جزء إنشاء من حي مانهاتن، بما في ذلك جزيرة راندال ، جزيرة أجنحة ، و جزيرة روزفلت في نهر الشرق، و جزيرة المحافظين و جزيرة الحرية في الجنوب في ميناء نيويورك .
جزيرة مانهاتن مقسمة بشكل فضفاض إلى مناطق Lower و Midtown و Uptown . وينقسم الجزء الشمالي من مانهاتن التي كتبها سنترال بارك في الجانب الشرقي و الجانب الغربي العلوي ، وفوق الحديقة هي هارلم ، وتطل على برونكس (برونكس مقاطعة).
احتل الأمريكيون اليهود والإيطاليون هارلم في الغالب في القرن التاسع عشر حتى الهجرة الكبرى . كانت مركز نهضة هارلم .
تضم منطقة مانهاتن أيضًا حيًا صغيرًا على البر الرئيسي ، يسمى ماربل هيل ، المتاخم لنهر برونكس. يشار إلى الأحياء الأربعة المتبقية في مدينة نيويورك مجتمعة باسم أوتر بورو .
بروكلين
بروكلين (مقاطعة كينغز) ، على الطرف الغربي من لونغ آيلاند ، هي المنطقة الأكثر اكتظاظًا بالسكان في المدينة. تشتهر بروكلين بتنوعها الثقافي والاجتماعي والعرقي ، والمشهد الفني المستقل ، والأحياء المتميزة ، والتراث المعماري المميز. وسط مدينة بروكلين هو أكبر حي مركزي في أوتر بورو. البلدة لديها الساحلي على شاطئ البحر لفترة طويلة بما في ذلك كوني ايلاند ، التي أنشئت في 1870s باعتبارها واحدة من أولى أسباب اللهو في الولايات المتحدة [171] بارك البحرية و بروسبكت بارك نوعان من أكبر الحدائق في بروكلين. [172] منذ عام 2010 ، تطورت بروكلين لتصبح مركزًا مزدهرًا لـريادة الأعمال و التكنولوجيا العالية شركات بدء التشغيل ، [173] [174] ومن فن ما بعد الحداثة والتصميم. [174] [175]
كوينز
كوينز (مقاطعة كوينز) ، في لونغ آيلاند شمال وشرق بروكلين ، هي أكبر منطقة جغرافية ، أكثر المقاطعات تنوعًا عرقيًا في الولايات المتحدة ، [176] وأكثر المناطق الحضرية تنوعًا عرقيًا في العالم. [177] [178] من الناحية التاريخية مجموعة من البلدات والقرى الصغيرة التي أسسها الهولنديون ، طورت البلدة منذ ذلك الحين شهرة تجارية وسكنية. أصبح Downtown Flushing أحد أكثر الأحياء المركزية ازدحامًا في الأحياء الخارجية. كوينز هو موقع سيتي فيلد ، ملعب البيسبول في نيويورك ميتس ، ويستضيف بطولة التنس الأمريكية المفتوحة السنويةفي متنزه فلاشينج ميدوز كورونا . بالإضافة إلى ذلك، وهما من أكثر المطارات ازدحاما ثلاثة تخدم منطقة مدينة نيويورك وضواحيها، مطار جون إف كينيدي الدولي و مطار لاغوارديا ، وتقع في كوينز. والثالث هو مطار نيوارك ليبرتي الدولي في نيوارك بولاية نيو جيرسي.
ذا برونكس
برونكس (مقاطعة برونكس) هي أقصى مدينة في شمال مدينة نيويورك وهي المنطقة الوحيدة في مدينة نيويورك التي تقع أساسًا في البر الرئيسي للولايات المتحدة. إنه موقع ملعب يانكي ، منتزه البيسبول في نيويورك يانكيز ، وموطن أكبر مجمع سكني مملوك بشكل تعاوني في الولايات المتحدة ، مدينة التعاون . [179] كما أنها موطن لحديقة حيوان برونكس ، أكبر حديقة حيوانات حضرية في العالم ، [180] والتي تمتد على 265 فدانًا (1.07 كم 2 ) وتضم أكثر من 6000 حيوان. [181] برونكس هو أيضا مسقط رأس موسيقى الهيب هوب و الثقافة .[182] بيلهام باي بارك هي أكبر حديقة في مدينة نيويورك ، وتبلغ مساحتها 2772 فدانًا (1122 هكتارًا). [183]
جزيرة ستاتين
جزيرة ستاتن (مقاطعة ريتشموند) هي أكثر الضواحي من حيث طابع الأحياء الخمس. يتم توصيل جزيرة ستاتن إلى بروكلين من قبل جسر فيرازانو ناروز، وإلى مانهاتن عن طريق المجاني جزيرة ستاتن فيري ، وهو اليومية ركاب العبارة التي توفر إطلالات رائعة من تمثال الحرية ، جزيرة إيليس ، ومانهاتن السفلى. في وسط جزيرة ستاتين ، تمتد جزيرة ستاتين آيلاند جرينبيلت على ما يقرب من 2500 فدان (10 كم 2 ) ، بما في ذلك 28 ميلاً (45 كم) من مسارات المشي وواحدة من آخر الغابات غير المضطربة في المدينة. [184] تم تخصيص الحزام الأخضر في عام 1984 لحماية الأراضي الطبيعية للجزيرة ، ويضم سبع حدائق في المدينة.
الأفق المتزايد في لونغ آيلاند سيتي ، كوينز ، [١٨٥] المواجه للنهر الشرقي في مايو 2017
و غراند كونكورس في برونكس ، المقدمة، مع مانهاتن في الخلفية في فبراير 2018
على جسر فيرازانو ناروز- يربط جزيرة ستاتن إلى بروكلين عبر ويضيق
بنيان
يوجد في نيويورك مبانٍ جديرة بالملاحظة من الناحية المعمارية في مجموعة واسعة من الأساليب ومن فترات زمنية مميزة ، من المستعمرة الهولندية بيتير كلايسن ويكوف هاوس في بروكلين ، ويعود أقدم قسم منها إلى عام 1656 ، إلى مركز التجارة العالمي الحديث ، ناطحة السحاب في الأرض صفر في مانهاتن السفلى وأغلى برج مكاتب في العالم من حيث تكلفة البناء. [186]
أفق مانهاتن ، مع العديد من ناطحات السحاب ، معترف به عالميًا ، وكانت المدينة موطنًا للعديد من أطول المباني في العالم . اعتبارًا من عام 2019 [update]، كان في مدينة نيويورك 6455 مبنى شاهق الارتفاع ، وهو ثالث أكثر المباني في العالم بعد هونج كونج وسيول . [187] من بين هؤلاء ، اعتبارًا من عام 2011 [update]، بلغ ارتفاع 550 مبنى مكتملًا 330 قدمًا (100 مترًا) على الأقل ، مع أكثر من خمسين ناطحة سحاب مكتملة يزيد ارتفاعها عن 656 قدمًا (200 متر) . وتشمل هذه مبنى وولوورث ، وهو مثال مبكر على العمارة القوطيةفي تصميم ناطحة سحاب ، تم بناؤه بتفاصيل قوطية ضخمة الحجم ؛ تم الانتهاء منه في عام 1913 ، وكان أطول مبنى في العالم لمدة 17 عامًا. [188]
و التقسيم القرار 1916 مطلوب النكسات في المباني الجديدة وأبراج يقتصر على نسبة مئوية من حجم الكثير ، للسماح للضوء الشمس للوصول الى الشوارع أدناه. [189] و الفن ديكو النمط من مبنى كرايسلر (1930) و مبنى امباير ستيت (1931)، مع قمم مدبب والصلب أبراج ، يعكس متطلبات تقسيم المناطق. تتميز المباني بزخارف مميزة ، مثل النسور في زوايا الطابق 61 بمبنى كرايسلر ، وتعتبر من أروع الأمثلة على طراز آرت ديكو . [190] مثال شديد التأثير علىالنمط الدولي في الولايات المتحدة هو مبنى Seagram (1957) ، المميز بواجهته باستخدام عوارض I ذات لون برونزي واضح لاستحضار هيكل المبنى. يعتبر مبنى Condé Nast Building (2000) مثالًا بارزًا للتصميم الأخضر في ناطحات السحاب الأمريكية [191] وقد حصل على جائزة من المعهد الأمريكي للمهندسين المعماريين و AIA New York State لتصميمه.
غالبا ما تعرف طبيعة الأحياء السكنية الكبيرة في نيويورك من قبل أنيقة الحجر البني rowhouses و المنازل والمتهالكة مساكن التي بنيت خلال فترة من التوسع السريع من عام 1870 إلى عام 1930. [192] وفي المقابل، يوجد مدينة نيويورك أيضا الأحياء التي هي أقل مكتظة بالسكان وتتميز بمساكن قائمة بذاتها. في أحياء مثل Riverdale (في Bronx) و Ditmas Park (في Brooklyn) و Douglaston (في كوينز) ، تعد المنازل الكبيرة المكونة من أسرة واحدة شائعة في أنماط معمارية مختلفة مثل Tudor Revival و Victorian . [193] [194][195]
أصبح الحجر والطوب من مواد البناء المفضلة في المدينة بعد أن كان بناء المنازل ذات الإطار الخشبي محدودًا في أعقاب الحريق الكبير عام 1835 . [196] من السمات المميزة للعديد من مباني المدينة برج المياه الخشبي المثبت على السطح . في القرن التاسع عشر ، طلبت المدينة تركيبها على مبانٍ أعلى من ستة طوابق لمنع الحاجة إلى ضغوط مياه شديدة الارتفاع في الارتفاعات المنخفضة ، والتي يمكن أن تكسر أنابيب المياه البلدية. [197] أصبحت شقق الحدائق شائعة خلال عشرينيات القرن الماضي في المناطق النائية ، مثل مرتفعات جاكسون . [198]
وفقًا للمسح الجيولوجي بالولايات المتحدة ، كشف تحليل محدث للمخاطر الزلزالية في يوليو 2014 عن "خطر أقل قليلاً على المباني الشاهقة" في مدينة نيويورك عما تم تقييمه مسبقًا. قدر العلماء هذا الخطر المنخفض بناءً على احتمالية أقل مما كان يعتقد سابقًا للاهتزاز البطيء بالقرب من المدينة ، والذي من المرجح أن يتسبب في أضرار للمباني الأطول من زلزال في محيط المدينة. [199]
مناخ
تحت تصنيف مناخ كوبن ، باستخدام درجة حرارة 0 درجة مئوية (32 درجة فهرنهايت) ، تتميز مدينة نيويورك بمناخ شبه استوائي رطب (CFA) ، وبالتالي فهي المدينة الرئيسية في أقصى الشمال في قارة أمريكا الشمالية مع هذا التصنيف. تقع الضواحي إلى الشمال والغرب مباشرة في المنطقة الانتقالية بين المناخات القارية شبه الاستوائية الرطبة والرطبة (DFA). [200] [201] حسب تصنيف تريوارثا ، يتم تعريف المدينة على أنها تتمتع بمناخ محيطي (دو). [202] [203] سنويًا ، يبلغ متوسط عمر المدينة 234 يومًا مع بعض سطوع الشمس على الأقل. [٢٠٤] تقع المدينة في منطقة الصلابة النباتية بوزارة الزراعة الأمريكية 7 ب .[205]
الشتاء بارد ورطب ، وأنماط الرياح السائدة التي تهب نسائم البحر في الخارج تخفف من الآثار المعتدلة للمحيط الأطلسي ؛ بعد المحيط الأطلسي والتدريع الجزئي من برودة الجو من جبال الأبلاش الحفاظ على أكثر دفئا المدينة في فصل الشتاء من الداخل مدن أمريكا الشمالية في خطوط العرض مماثلة أو أقل مثل بيتسبرغ ، سينسيناتي ، و انديانابوليس . متوسط درجة الحرارة اليومية في يناير ، أبرد شهر في المنطقة ، هو 32.6 درجة فهرنهايت (0.3 درجة مئوية). [206] تنخفض درجات الحرارة عادةً إلى 10 درجات فهرنهايت (-12 درجة مئوية) عدة مرات في الشتاء ، [207]ومع ذلك يمكن أن تصل أيضًا إلى 60 درجة فهرنهايت (16 درجة مئوية) لعدة أيام حتى في أكثر شهور الشتاء برودة. لا يمكن التنبؤ بالربيع والخريف ويمكن أن تتراوح من بارد إلى دافئ ، على الرغم من أنها عادة ما تكون معتدلة مع انخفاض الرطوبة. عادةً ما يكون الصيف حارًا ورطبًا ، بمتوسط درجة حرارة يومية 76.5 درجة فهرنهايت (24.7 درجة مئوية) في يوليو. [206]
غالبًا ما يتم تحسين درجات الحرارة أثناء الليل بسبب تأثير جزيرة الحرارة الحضرية . تتجاوز درجات الحرارة أثناء النهار 90 درجة فهرنهايت (32 درجة مئوية) في المتوسط 17 يومًا كل صيف وفي بعض السنوات تتجاوز 100 درجة فهرنهايت (38 درجة مئوية) ، على الرغم من أن هذا إنجاز نادر ، حدث آخر مرة في 18 يوليو 2012. [208] وبالمثل ، فإن قراءات 0 درجة فهرنهايت (-18 درجة مئوية) نادرة أيضًا ، حيث حدثت آخر مرة في 14 فبراير 2016. [209] تراوحت درجات الحرارة القصوى بين -15 درجة فهرنهايت (-26 درجة مئوية) ، المسجلة في 9 فبراير ، 1934 ، حتى 106 درجة فهرنهايت (41 درجة مئوية) في 9 يوليو 1936 ؛ [206] كانت أبرد برودة رياح مسجلة -37 درجة فهرنهايت (-38 درجة مئوية) في نفس اليوم الذي سجل فيه أدنى مستوى قياسي على الإطلاق. [210]وكان الحد الأقصى اليومي سجل البرد 2 ° F (-17 ° C) في 30 ديسمبر 1917، في حين، على العكس، كان الحد الأدنى اليومي الحارة قياسي 87 ° F (31 ° C)، في 2 يوليو 1903. [208] ل يتراوح متوسط درجة حرارة الماء في المحيط الأطلسي القريب من 39.7 درجة فهرنهايت (4.3 درجة مئوية) في فبراير إلى 74.1 درجة فهرنهايت (23.4 درجة مئوية) في أغسطس. [211]
تتلقى المدينة 49.9 بوصة (1،270 ملم) من الأمطار سنويًا ، والتي تنتشر بشكل متساوٍ نسبيًا على مدار العام. بلغ متوسط تساقط الثلوج في فصل الشتاء بين عامي 1981 و 2010 25.8 بوصة (66 سم) ؛ هذا يختلف بشكل كبير بين السنوات. أعاصير و عواصف استوائية نادرة في منطقة نيويورك. [212] تسبب إعصار ساندي في حدوث عاصفة مدمرة في مدينة نيويورك مساء يوم 29 أكتوبر 2012 ، مما أدى إلى إغراق العديد من الشوارع والأنفاق وخطوط مترو الأنفاق في مانهاتن السفلى ومناطق أخرى من المدينة وقطع الكهرباء في أجزاء كثيرة من المدينة وضواحيها. [213] دفعت العاصفة وتأثيراتها العميقة إلى مناقشة بناء الأسوار البحريةوغيرها من الحواجز الساحلية حول سواحل المدينة والمنطقة الحضرية لتقليل مخاطر العواقب المدمرة من حدث آخر من هذا القبيل في المستقبل. [214] [215]
أبرد شهر مسجل هو يناير 1857 ، بمتوسط درجة حرارة 19.6 درجة فهرنهايت (−6.9 درجة مئوية) في حين أن الأشهر الأكثر دفئًا هي يوليو 1825 ويوليو 1999 ، وكلاهما بمتوسط درجة حرارة 81.4 درجة فهرنهايت (27.4 درجة مئوية). . [216] أكثر الأعوام دفئًا المسجلة هو عام 2012 ، بمتوسط درجة حرارة 57.4 درجة فهرنهايت (14.1 درجة مئوية). أبرد عام هو 1836 ، بمتوسط درجة حرارة 47.3 درجة فهرنهايت (8.5 درجة مئوية). [216] [217] الشهر الأكثر جفافًا هو يونيو 1949 ، مع 0.02 بوصة (0.51 ملم) من الأمطار. كان أكثر الشهور أمطارًا هو أغسطس 2011 ، مع 18.95 بوصة (481 ملم) من الأمطار. كان العام الأكثر جفافًا هو عام 1965 ، حيث بلغ معدل هطول الأمطار 26.09 بوصة (663 ملم). كان عام 1983 هو العام الأكثر هطولًا للأمطار ، حيث بلغ معدل هطول الأمطار 80.56 بوصة (2046 ملم). [218]أكثر الشهور تساقطًا للثلوج هو فبراير 2010 ، مع 36.9 بوصة (94 سم) من تساقط الثلوج. الموسم الأكثر تساقطًا للثلوج (يوليو - يونيو) هو 1995-1996 ، مع 75.6 بوصة (192 سم) من تساقط الثلوج. كان أقل موسم للثلوج هو 1972-1973 ، مع 2.3 بوصة (5.8 سم) من تساقط الثلوج. [219] حدث أول أثر موسمي لتساقط الثلوج في 10 أكتوبر ، في كل من 1979 و 1925. حدث آخر أثر موسمي لتساقط الثلوج في 9 مايو ، في كل من عامي 2020 و 1977. [220]
شهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | أكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | سنة |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ارتفاع قياسي درجة فهرنهايت (درجة مئوية) | 72 (22) | 78 (26) | 86 (30) | 96 (36) | 99 (37) | 101 (38) | 106 (41) | 104 (40) | 102 (39) | 94 (34) | 84 (29) | 75 (24) | 106 (41) |
متوسط الحد الأقصى درجة فهرنهايت (درجة مئوية) | 60.4 (15.8) | 60.7 (15.9) | 70.3 (21.3) | 82.9 (28.3) | 88.5 (31.4) | 92.1 (33.4) | 95.7 (35.4) | 93.4 (34.1) | 89.0 (31.7) | 79.7 (26.5) | 70.7 (21.5) | 62.9 (17.2) | 97.0 (36.1) |
متوسط درجة فهرنهايت عالية (درجة مئوية) | 39.5 (4.2) | 42.2 (5.7) | 49.9 (9.9) | 61.8 (16.6) | 71.4 (21.9) | 79.7 (26.5) | 84.9 (29.4) | 83.3 (28.5) | 76.2 (24.6) | 64.5 (18.1) | 54.0 (12.2) | 44.3 (6.8) | 62.6 (17.0) |
المتوسط اليومي درجة فهرنهايت (درجة مئوية) | 33.7 (0.9) | 35.9 (2.2) | 42.8 (6.0) | 53.7 (12.1) | 63.2 (17.3) | 72.0 (22.2) | 77.5 (25.3) | 76.1 (24.5) | 69.2 (20.7) | 57.9 (14.4) | 48.0 (8.9) | 39.1 (3.9) | 55.8 (13.2) |
متوسط درجة فهرنهايت منخفضة (درجة مئوية) | 27.9 (−2.3) | 29.5 (−1.4) | 35.8 (2.1) | 45.5 (7.5) | 55.0 (12.8) | 64.4 (18.0) | 70.1 (21.2) | 68.9 (20.5) | 62.3 (16.8) | 51.4 (10.8) | 42.0 (5.6) | 33.8 (1.0) | 48.9 (9.4) |
متوسط الحد الأدنى درجة فهرنهايت (درجة مئوية) | 9.8 (−12.3) | 12.7 (−10.7) | 19.7 (−6.8) | 32.8 (0.4) | 43.9 (6.6) | 52.7 (11.5) | 61.8 (16.6) | 60.3 (15.7) | 50.2 (10.1) | 38.4 (3.6) | 27.7 (−2.4) | 18.0 (−7.8) | 7.7 (−13.5) |
سجل منخفض درجة فهرنهايت (درجة مئوية) | −6 (−21) | −15 (26) | 3 (16) | 12 (−11) | 32 (0) | 44 (7) | 52 (11) | 50 (10) | 39 (4) | 28 (2) | 5 (−15) | −13 (25) | −15 (26) |
متوسط هطول الأمطار بوصات (مم) | 3.64 (92) | 3.19 (81) | 4.29 (109) | 4.09 (104) | 3.96 (101) | 4.54 (115) | 4.60 (117) | 4.56 (116) | 4.31 (109) | 4.38 (111) | 3.58 (91) | 4.38 (111) | 49.52 (1،258) |
متوسط تساقط الثلوج بوصات (سم) | 8.8 (22) | 10.1 (26) | 5.0 (13) | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.25) | 0.5 (1.3) | 4.9 (12) | 29.8 (76) |
متوسط أيام تساقط الأمطار (≥ 0.01 بوصة) | 10.8 | 10.0 | 11.1 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.2 | 10.5 | 10.0 | 8.8 | 9.5 | 9.2 | 11.4 | 125.4 |
متوسط الأيام الثلجية (0.1 بوصة) | 3.7 | 3.2 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 11.4 |
متوسط الرطوبة النسبية (٪) | 61.5 | 60.2 | 58.5 | 55.3 | 62.7 | 65.2 | 64.2 | 66.0 | 67.8 | 65.6 | 64.6 | 64.1 | 63.0 |
متوسط نقطة الندى درجة فهرنهايت (درجة مئوية) | 18.0 (−7.8) | 19.0 (−7.2) | 25.9 (−3.4) | 34.0 (1.1) | 47.3 (8.5) | 57.4 (14.1) | 61.9 (16.6) | 62.1 (16.7) | 55.6 (13.1) | 44.1 (6.7) | 34.0 (1.1) | 24.6 (−4.1) | 40.3 (4.6) |
متوسط ساعات سطوع الشمس الشهرية | 162.7 | 163.1 | 212.5 | 225.6 | 256.6 | 257.3 | 268.2 | 268.2 | 219.3 | 211.2 | 151.0 | 139.0 | 2،534.7 |
نسبة سطوع الشمس ممكن | 54 | 55 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 57 | 59 | 63 | 59 | 61 | 51 | 48 | 57 |
متوسط مؤشر الأشعة فوق البنفسجية | 2 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
المصدر 1: NOAA (الرطوبة النسبية والشمس 1961-1990 ؛ نقطة الندى 1965-1984) [208] [222] [204] [223] | |||||||||||||
المصدر 2: أطلس الطقس [224] انظر مناخ مدينة نيويورك للحصول على معلومات مناخية إضافية من الأحياء الخارجية. |
بيانات المناخ لنيويورك | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
شهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Average sea temperature °F (°C) | 41.7 (5.4) | 39.7 (4.3) | 40.2 (4.5) | 45.1 (7.3) | 52.5 (11.4) | 64.5 (18.1) | 72.1 (22.3) | 74.1 (23.4) | 70.1 (21.2) | 63.0 (17.3) | 54.3 (12.4) | 47.2 (8.4) | 55.4 (13.0) |
Source: Weather Atlas[224] |
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Parks
The city of New York has a complex park system, with various lands operated by the National Park Service, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. In its 2018 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the ninth-best park system among the fifty most populous U.S. cities.[225] ParkScore ranks urban park systems by a formula that analyzes median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of city residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents.
National parks
Gateway National Recreation Area contains over 26,000 acres (110 km2) in total, most of it surrounded by New York City,[227] including the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge. In Brooklyn and Queens, the park contains over 9,000 acres (36 km2) of salt marsh, wetlands, islands, and water, including most of Jamaica Bay. Also in Queens, the park includes a significant portion of the western Rockaway Peninsula, most notably Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden. In Staten Island, Gateway National Recreation Area includes Fort Wadsworth, with historic pre-Civil War era Battery Weed and Fort Tompkins, and Great Kills Park, with beaches, trails, and a marina.
The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are in both the states of New York and New Jersey. They are joined in the harbor by Governors Island National Monument, in New York. Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Castle Clinton National Monument; Federal Hall National Memorial; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site; General Grant National Memorial ("Grant's Tomb"); African Burial Ground National Monument; and Hamilton Grange National Memorial. Hundreds of private properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark such as, for example, the Stonewall Inn, part of the Stonewall National Monument in Greenwich Village, as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement.[133][134][135][136][137]
State parks
There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City, including Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve, a natural area that includes extensive riding trails, and Riverbank State Park, a 28-acre (11 ha) facility that rises 69 feet (21 m) over the Hudson River.[228]
City parks
New York City has over 28,000 acres (110 km2) of municipal parkland and 14 miles (23 km) of public beaches.[229] The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, with 2,772 acres (1,122 ha).[183][230]
- Central Park, an 843-acre (3.41 km2)[183] park in middle-upper Manhattan, is the most visited urban park in the United States and one of the most filmed locations in the world, with 40 million visitors in 2013.[231] The park has a wide range of attractions; there are several lakes and ponds, two ice-skating rinks, the Central Park Zoo, the Central Park Conservatory Garden, and the 106-acre (0.43 km2) Jackie Onassis Reservoir.[232] Indoor attractions include Belvedere Castle with its nature center, the Swedish Cottage Marionette Theater, and the historic Carousel. On October 23, 2012, hedge fund manager John A. Paulson announced a $100 million gift to the Central Park Conservancy, the largest ever monetary donation to New York City's park system.[233]
- Washington Square Park is a prominent landmark in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. The Washington Square Arch at the northern gateway to the park is an iconic symbol of both New York University and Greenwich Village.
- Prospect Park in Brooklyn has a 90-acre (36 ha) meadow, a lake, and extensive woodlands. Within the park is the historic Battle Pass, prominent in the Battle of Long Island.[234]
- Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, with its 897 acres (363 ha) making it the city's fourth largest park,[235] was the setting for the 1939 World's Fair and the 1964 World's Fair[236] and is host to the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center and the annual U.S. Open Tennis Championships tournament.[237]
- Over a fifth of the Bronx's area, 7,000 acres (28 km2), is given over to open space and parks, including Pelham Bay Park, Van Cortlandt Park, the Bronx Zoo, and the New York Botanical Gardens.[238]
- In Staten Island, the Conference House Park contains the historic Conference House, site of the only attempt of a peaceful resolution to the American Revolution which was conducted in September 1775, attended by Benjamin Franklin representing the Americans and Lord Howe representing the British Crown.[239] The historic Burial Ridge, the largest Native American burial ground within New York City, is within the park.[240]
Military installations
Brooklyn is home to Fort Hamilton, the U.S. military's only active duty installation within New York City,[241] aside from Coast Guard operations. The facility was established in 1825 on the site of a small battery utilized during the American Revolution, and it is one of America's longest serving military forts.[242] Today Fort Hamilton serves as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers and for the New York City Recruiting Battalion. It also houses the 1179th Transportation Brigade, the 722nd Aeromedical Staging Squadron, and a military entrance processing station. Other formerly active military reservations still utilized for National Guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island and Fort Totten in Queens.
Demographics
City compared to State & U.S. | |||
---|---|---|---|
2010 Census[243][244] | NY City | NY State | U.S. |
Total population | 8,175,133 | 19,378,102 | 308,745,538 |
Population change, 2000 to 2010 | +2.1% | +2.1% | +9.7% |
Population density (people/sqmi) | 27,012.5 | 411.2 | 87.4 |
Median household income (2015) | $53,373 | $59,269 | $53,889 |
Bachelor's degree or higher | 35.7% | 34.2% | 29.8% |
Foreign born | 37.2% | 22.5% | 13.2% |
White (non-Hispanic) | 33.3% | 65.7% | 72.4% |
Black | 25.5% | 15.9% | 12.6% |
Hispanic (any race) | 28.6% | 17.6% | 16.3% |
Asian | 12.7% | 7.3% | 4.8% |
Racial composition | 2010[243] | 1990[245] | 1970[245] | 1940[245] |
---|---|---|---|---|
White | 44.0% | 52.3% | 76.6% | 93.6% |
—Non-Hispanic | 33.3% | 43.2% | 62.9%[246] | 92.0% |
Black or African American | 25.5% | 28.7% | 21.1% | 6.1% |
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) | 28.6% | 24.4% | 16.2%[246] | 1.6% |
Asian | 12.7% | 7.0% | 1.2% | – |
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1698 | 4,937 | — |
1712 | 5,840 | +18.3% |
1723 | 7,248 | +24.1% |
1737 | 10,664 | +47.1% |
1746 | 11,717 | +9.9% |
1756 | 13,046 | +11.3% |
1771 | 21,863 | +67.6% |
1790 | 49,401 | +126.0% |
1800 | 79,216 | +60.4% |
1810 | 119,734 | +51.1% |
1820 | 152,056 | +27.0% |
1830 | 242,278 | +59.3% |
1840 | 391,114 | +61.4% |
1850 | 696,115 | +78.0% |
1860 | 1,174,779 | +68.8% |
1870 | 1,478,103 | +25.8% |
1880 | 1,911,698 | +29.3% |
1890 | 2,507,414 | +31.2% |
1900 | 3,437,202 | +37.1% |
1910 | 4,766,883 | +38.7% |
1920 | 5,620,048 | +17.9% |
1930 | 6,930,446 | +23.3% |
1940 | 7,454,995 | +7.6% |
1950 | 7,891,957 | +5.9% |
1960 | 7,781,984 | −1.4% |
1970 | 7,894,862 | +1.5% |
1980 | 7,071,639 | −10.4% |
1990 | 7,322,564 | +3.5% |
2000 | 8,008,278 | +9.4% |
2010 | 8,175,133 | +2.1% |
2019 | 8,336,817 | +2.0% |
Note: Census figures (1790–2010) cover the present area of all five boroughs, before and after the 1898 consolidation. For New York City itself before annexing part of the Bronx in 1874, see Manhattan#Demographics.[247] Source: U.S. Decennial Census;[248] 1698–1771: Greene and Harrington;[249] |
New York City is the most populous city in the United States,[255] with an estimated 8,336,817 residents as of July 2019[update],[11] incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 United States census.[256][257] More than twice as many people live in New York City as compared to Los Angeles, the second-most populous U.S. city,[255] and within a smaller area. New York City gained more residents between April 2010 and July 2014 (316,000) than any other U.S. city.[255] New York City's population is about 43% of New York State's population,[258] and about 36% of the population of the New York metropolitan area.[259]
Population density
In 2017, the city had an estimated population density of 28,491 inhabitants per square mile (11,000/km2), rendering it the nation's most densely populated of all municipalities (of more than 100,000), with several small cities (of fewer than 100,000) in adjacent Hudson County, New Jersey having greater density, as per the 2010 census.[260] Geographically co-extensive with New York County, the borough of Manhattan's 2017 population density of 72,918 inhabitants per square mile (28,154/km2) makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city.[261][262][263][264]
Race and ethnicity
The city's population in 2010 was 44% white (33.3% non-Hispanic white), 25.5% Black or African American (23% non-Hispanic black), 0.7% Native American or Alaska Native, and 12.7% Asian.[265] Hispanics or Latinos of any race represented 28.6% of the population,[265] while Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment of the city's population between 2000 and 2010; the non-Hispanic white population declined three percent, the smallest recorded decline in decades; and for the first time since the U.S. Civil War, the number of black people declined over a decade.[266] Throughout its history, New York has been a major port of entry for immigrants into the United States. More than 12 million European immigrants were received at Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924.[267] The term "melting pot" was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side. By 1900, Germans constituted the largest immigrant group, followed by the Irish, Jews, and Italians.[268] In 1940, whites represented 92% of the city's population.[245]
Approximately 37% of the city's population is foreign born, and more than half of all children are born to mothers who are immigrants as of 2013.[269][270] In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates.[269] The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the city as of 2011[update] were the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, Guyana, Jamaica, Ecuador, Haiti, India, Russia, and Trinidad and Tobago,[271] while the Bangladeshi-born immigrant population has become one of the fastest growing in the city, counting over 74,000 by 2011.[23][272]
Asian Americans in New York City, according to the 2010 census, number more than one million, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles.[273] New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper.[274] The New York City borough of Queens is home to the state's largest Asian American population and the largest Andean (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian) populations in the United States, and is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world.[177][178]
The Chinese population constitutes the fastest-growing nationality in New York State; multiple satellites of the original Manhattan Chinatown, in Brooklyn, and around Flushing, Queens, are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves—while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban Nassau County[275] on Long Island,[276] as the New York metropolitan region and New York State have become the top destinations for new Chinese immigrants, respectively, and large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York City and surrounding areas,[277][278][279][280][281][282] with the largest metropolitan Chinese diaspora outside Asia,[23][283] including an estimated 812,410 individuals in 2015.[284]
In 2012, 6.3% of New York City was of Chinese ethnicity, with nearly three-fourths living in either Queens or Brooklyn, geographically on Long Island.[285] A community numbering 20,000 Korean-Chinese (Chaoxianzu or Joseonjok) is centered in Flushing, Queens, while New York City is also home to the largest Tibetan population outside China, India, and Nepal, also centered in Queens.[286] Koreans made up 1.2% of the city's population, and Japanese 0.3%. Filipinos were the largest Southeast Asian ethnic group at 0.8%, followed by Vietnamese, who made up 0.2% of New York City's population in 2010. Indians are the largest South Asian group, comprising 2.4% of the city's population, with Bangladeshis and Pakistanis at 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively.[287] Queens is the preferred borough of settlement for Asian Indians, Koreans, Filipinos and Malaysians,[288][277] and other Southeast Asians;[289] while Brooklyn is receiving large numbers of both West Indian and Asian Indian immigrants.
New York City has the largest European and non-Hispanic white population of any American city. At 2.7 million in 2012, New York's non-Hispanic white population is larger than the non-Hispanic white populations of Los Angeles (1.1 million), Chicago (865,000), and Houston (550,000) combined.[290] The non-Hispanic white population was 6.6 million in 1940.[291] The non-Hispanic white population has begun to increase since 2010.[292]
The European diaspora residing in the city is very diverse. According to 2012 Census estimates, there were roughly 560,000 Italian Americans, 385,000 Irish Americans, 253,000 German Americans, 223,000 Russian Americans, 201,000 Polish Americans, and 137,000 English Americans. Additionally, Greek and French Americans numbered 65,000 each, with those of Hungarian descent estimated at 60,000 people. Ukrainian and Scottish Americans numbered 55,000 and 35,000, respectively. People identifying ancestry from Spain numbered 30,838 total in 2010.[293]
People of Norwegian and Swedish descent both stood at about 20,000 each, while people of Czech, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Scotch-Irish, and Welsh descent all numbered between 12,000 and 14,000.[294] Arab Americans number over 160,000 in New York City,[295] with the highest concentration in Brooklyn. Central Asians, primarily Uzbek Americans, are a rapidly growing segment of the city's non-Hispanic white population, enumerating over 30,000, and including more than half of all Central Asian immigrants to the United States,[296] most settling in Queens or Brooklyn. Albanian Americans are most highly concentrated in the Bronx.[297]
The wider New York City metropolitan statistical area, with more than twenty million people, about fifty percent more than second-place Los Angeles,[4] is also ethnically diverse,[298] with the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region in the world. The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States, substantially exceeding the combined totals of Los Angeles and Miami.[277] It is home to the largest Jewish and Israeli communities outside Israel, with the Jewish population in the region numbering over 1.5 million in 2012 and including many diverse Jewish sects, predominantly from around the Middle East and Eastern Europe, and including a rapidly growing Orthodox Jewish population, the largest outside Israel.[286]
The metropolitan area is also home to 20% of the nation's Indian Americans and at least 20 Little India enclaves, and 15% of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns;[299][300] the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest Russian American,[278] Italian American, and African American populations; the largest Dominican American, Puerto Rican American, and South American[278] and second-largest overall Hispanic population in the United States, numbering 4.8 million;[293] and includes multiple established Chinatowns within New York City alone.[301]
Ecuador, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and Brazil were the top source countries from South America for legal immigrants to the New York City region in 2013; the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean; Egypt, Ghana, and Nigeria from Africa; and El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala in Central America.[302] Amidst a resurgence of Puerto Rican migration to New York City, this population had increased to approximately 1.3 million in the metropolitan area as of 2013[update].
Since 2010, a Little Australia has emerged and is growing rapidly representing the Australasian presence in Nolita, Manhattan.[303][304][305][306] In 2011, there were an estimated 20,000 Australian residents of New York City, nearly quadruple the 5,537 in 2005.[307][308] Qantas Airways of Australia and Air New Zealand have been exploring the possibilities of long-haul flights from New York to Sydney and Auckland, respectively, which would both rank among the longest non-stop flights in the world.[309][310] A Little Sri Lanka has developed in the Tompkinsville neighborhood of Staten Island.[311]
Sexual orientation and gender identity
The New York metropolitan area is home to a prominent self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at nearly 570,000 individuals, the largest in the United States and one of the world's largest.[313][314] Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.[315] Charles Kaiser, author of The Gay Metropolis: The Landmark History of Gay Life in America, wrote that in the era after World War II, "New York City became the literal gay metropolis for hundreds of thousands of immigrants from within and without the United States: the place they chose to learn how to live openly, honestly and without shame."[316]
The annual New York City Pride March (or gay pride parade) traverses southward down Fifth Avenue and ends at Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan; the parade rivals the Sao Paulo Gay Pride Parade as the largest pride parade in the world, attracting tens of thousands of participants and millions of sidewalk spectators each June.[317][38] The annual Queens Pride Parade is held in Jackson Heights and is accompanied by the ensuing Multicultural Parade.[318]
Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019 was the largest international Pride celebration in history, produced by Heritage of Pride and enhanced through a partnership with the I ❤ NY program's LGBT division, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising, with 150,000 participants and five million spectators attending in Manhattan alone.[319] New York City is also home to the largest transgender population in the world, estimated at more than 50,000 in 2018, concentrated in Manhattan and Queens; however, until the June 1969 Stonewall riots, this community had felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community.[318][138] Brooklyn Liberation March, the largest transgender-rights demonstration in LGBTQ history, took place on June 14, 2020 stretching from Grand Army Plaza to Fort Greene, Brooklyn, focused on supporting Black transgender lives, drawing an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 participants.[320][321]
Religion
The New York area is the 14th-most religious metropolis in the United States. Largely a result of Western European missionary work and colonialism, Christianity is the largest religion as of 2014.[322] Roman Catholicism is the largest Christian denomination (33%), followed by Protestantism (23%), and other Christians (3%). The Roman Catholic population are primarily served by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Diocese of Brooklyn. Eastern Catholics are divided into numerous jurisdictions throughout the city. Evangelical Protestantism is the largest branch of Protestantism in the city (9%), followed by Mainline Protestantism (8%), while the converse is usually true for other cities and metropolitan areas.[323] In Evangelicalism, Baptists are the largest group; in Mainline Protestantism, Reformed Protestants are the largest. The majority of historically African American churches are affiliated with the National Baptist Convention (USA) and Progressive National Baptist Convention. The Church of God in Christ is one of the largest predominantly-black Pentecostal denominations in the area. Less than 1% of the population was Mormon. The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America and other Orthodox Christians (mainstream and independent) were the largest Eastern Christian groups. The American Orthodox Catholic Church (initially led by Aftimios Ofiesh) was founded in New York City in 1927.
Judaism, with approximately 1.1 million adherents,[324][325] more than half of whom live in Brooklyn, is the second largest religion.[326][327] The ethnoreligious population makes up 18.4% of the city and its religious demographic makes up 8%.[328] The first recorded Jewish settler was Jacob Barsimson, who arrived in August 1654 on a passport from the Dutch West India Company.[329] Following the assassination of Alexander II of Russia, for which many blamed "the Jews", the 36 years beginning in 1881 experienced the largest wave of Jewish immigration to the United States.[330] In 2012, the largest Jewish denominations were Orthodox, Haredi, and Conservative Judaism.[331] Reform Jewish communities are prevalent through the area. Congregation Emanu-El of New York in Manhattan is the largest Reform synagogue in the world. Islam ranks the third largest religion in New York City, with estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers, including 10% of the city's public school children.[332] Powers Street Mosque in Brooklyn is one of the oldest continuously operating mosques in the U.S., and the first Islamic organization in the city and state.[333][334] These three largest groups are followed by Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Zoroastrianism, and a variety of other religions, as well as atheism. In 2014, 24% of New Yorkers self-identified with no organized religious affiliation; a little over 3% of New Yorkers were atheist.[322]
Wealth and income disparity
New York City, like other large cities, has a high degree of income disparity, as indicated by its Gini coefficient of 0.55 as of 2017.[335] In the first quarter of 2014, the average weekly wage in New York County (Manhattan) was $2,749, representing the highest total among large counties in the United States.[336] As of 2017, New York City was home to the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world at 103,[337] including former Mayor Michael Bloomberg.[338] New York also had the highest density of millionaires per capita among major U.S. cities in 2014, at 4.6% of residents.[339] New York City is one of the relatively few American cities levying an income tax (about 3%) on its residents.[340][341][342] As of 2018, there were 78,676 homeless people in New York City.[343]
Economy
Top publicly traded companies in New York City (ranked by 2015 revenues)with City and U.S. ranks | |||||
NYC | corporation | US | |||
1 | Verizon Communications | 13 | |||
2 | JPMorgan Chase | 23 | |||
3 | Citigroup | 29 | |||
4 | MetLife | 40 | |||
5 | American International Group | 49 | |||
6 | Pfizer (pharmaceuticals) | 55 | |||
7 | New York Life | 61 | |||
8 | Goldman Sachs | 74 | |||
9 | Morgan Stanley | 78 | |||
10 | TIAA (Teachers Ins. & Annuity) | 82 | |||
11 | INTL FCStone | 83 | |||
12 | American Express | 85 | |||
Every firm's revenue exceeded $30 billion | |||||
Financial services firms in green | |||||
Full table at Economy of New York City | |||||
Source: Fortune 500[344] |
New York City is a global hub of business and commerce, as a center for banking and finance, retailing, world trade, transportation, tourism, real estate, new media, traditional media, advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the United States; while Silicon Alley, metonymous for New York's broad-spectrum high technology sphere, continues to expand. The Port of New York and New Jersey is also a major economic engine, handling record cargo volume in 2017, over 6.7 million TEUs.[345]
Many Fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in New York City,[346] as are a large number of multinational corporations. One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company.[347] New York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital, business, and tourists.[348][349] New York City's role as the top global center for the advertising industry is metonymously reflected as "Madison Avenue".[350] The city's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages.[351]
Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment. The city's apparel and garment industry, historically centered on the Garment District in Manhattan, peaked in 1950, when more than 323,000 workers were employed in the industry in New York. In 2015, fewer than 23,000 New York City residents were employed in the manufacture of garments, accessories, and finished textiles, although efforts to revive the industry were underway.[352] Food processing is a $5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents.
Chocolate is New York City's leading specialty-food export, with up to $234 million worth of exports each year.[353] Entrepreneurs were forming a "Chocolate District" in Brooklyn as of 2014[update],[354] while Godiva, one of the world's largest chocolatiers, continues to be headquartered in Manhattan.[355]
Wall Street
New York City's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S. financial industry, metonymously known as Wall Street. The city's securities industry, enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013, continues to form the largest segment of the city's financial sector and an important economic engine, accounting in 2012 for 5.0 percent of the city's private sector jobs, 8.5 percent ($3.8 billion) of its tax revenue, and 22 percent of the city's total wages, including an average salary of $360,700.[359] Many large financial companies are headquartered in New York City, and the city is also home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies.
Lower Manhattan is home to the New York Stock Exchange, at 11 Wall Street, and the NASDAQ, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013.[360][361] Investment banking fees on Wall Street totaled approximately $40 billion in 2012,[362] while in 2013, senior New York City bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $324,000 annually.[363] In fiscal year 2013–14, Wall Street's securities industry generated 19% of New York State's tax revenue.[364]
New York City remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets, driven in part by the size and financial development of the U.S. economy.[365]:31–32[366] New York also leads in hedge fund management; private equity; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions. Several investment banks and investment managers headquartered in Manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers.[365]:34–35 New York is also the principal commercial banking center of the United States.[367]
Many of the world's largest media conglomerates are also based in the city. Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet (46.5 million m2) of office space in 2018,[368] making it the largest office market in the United States,[369] while Midtown Manhattan, with 400 million square feet (37.2 million m2) in 2018,[368] is the largest central business district in the world.[370]
Tech and biotech
Silicon Alley, centered in Manhattan, has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the New York City metropolitan region's high technology industries[372] involving the Internet, new media, telecommunications, digital media, software development, game design, financial technology ("FinTech"), and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments. In 2015, Silicon Alley generated over $7.3 billion in venture capital investment across a broad spectrum of high technology enterprises,[34] most based in Manhattan, with others in Brooklyn, Queens, and elsewhere in the region.
High technology startup companies and employment are growing in New York City and the region, bolstered by the city's position in North America as the leading Internet hub and telecommunications center, including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines,[373] New York's intellectual capital, and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity.[374] Verizon Communications, headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan, was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a $3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City.[375] As of 2014[update], New York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector.[376][377] The technology sector has been claiming a greater share of New York City's economy since 2010.[378] Tech:NYC, founded in 2016, is a non-profit organization which represents New York City's technology industry with government, civic institutions, in business, and in the media, and whose primary goals are to further augment New York's substantial tech talent base and to advocate for policies that will nurture tech companies to grow in the city.[379]
The biotechnology sector is also growing in New York City, based upon the city's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support. On December 19, 2011, then Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a $2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital.[380][381] By mid-2014, Accelerator, a biotech investment firm, had raised more than $30 million from investors, including Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, and Johnson & Johnson, for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria Center for Life Science, which encompasses more than 700,000 square feet (65,000 m2) on East 29th Street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic, medical, and research institutions. The New York City Economic Development Corporation's Early Stage Life Sciences Funding Initiative and venture capital partners, including Celgene, General Electric Ventures, and Eli Lilly, committed a minimum of $100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology.[382]
Real estate
Real estate is a major force in the city's economy, as the total value of all New York City property was assessed at $1.072 trillion for the 2017 fiscal year, an increase of 10.6% from the previous year, with 89% of the increase coming from market effects.[383] The Time Warner Center is the property with the highest-listed market value in the city, at $1.1 billion in 2006.[383] New York City is home to some of the nation's—and the world's—most valuable real estate. 450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2, 2007 for $510 million, about $1,589 per square foot ($17,104/m2), breaking the barely month-old record for an American office building of $1,476 per square foot ($15,887/m2) set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue.[384]
In 2014, Manhattan was home to six of the top ten ZIP codes in the United States by median housing price.[385] Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commands the highest retail rents in the world, at $3,000 per square foot ($32,000/m2) in 2017.[386] In 2019, the most expensive home sale ever in the United States achieved completion in Manhattan, at a selling price of $238 million, for a 24,000 square feet (2,200 m2) penthouse apartment overlooking Central Park.[387]
Rental housing
In June 2019, sweeping reforms to NYC rental properties were made.[388] In January 2020, the New York State Department of State issued clarifying guidelines to the reforms that provided for the elimination of decades of broker fees, which have been unique to the NYC housing market in the United States.[389]
Tourism
Tourism is a vital industry for New York City, which has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists, receiving an eighth consecutive annual record of approximately 62.8 million visitors in 2017.[390] Tourism had generated an all-time high $61.3 billion in overall economic impact for New York City in 2014,[390] pending 2015 statistics. Approximately 12 million visitors to New York City were from outside the United States, with the highest numbers from the United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, and China.
I Love New York (stylized I ❤ NY) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City,[391] and later to promote New York State as well. The trademarked logo, owned by New York State Empire State Development,[392] appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the city and state, some licensed, many not. The song is the state song of New York.
Major tourist destinations in Manhattan include Times Square; Broadway theater productions; the Empire State Building; the Statue of Liberty; Ellis Island; the United Nations Headquarters; the World Trade Center (including the National September 11 Museum and One World Trade Center); museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art; green spaces such as Central Park and Washington Square Park; the Stonewall Inn; Rockefeller Center; ethnic enclaves including the Manhattan Chinatown, Koreatown, Curry Hill, Harlem, Spanish Harlem, Little Italy, and Little Australia; luxury shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenues; and events such as the Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village; the Brooklyn Bridge (shared with Brooklyn); the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade; the lighting of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree; the St. Patrick's Day parade; seasonal activities such as ice skating in Central Park in the wintertime; the Tribeca Film Festival; and free performances in Central Park at Summerstage.[393]
Points of interest in the boroughs outside Manhattan include numerous ethnic enclaves; Flushing Meadows-Corona Park and the Unisphere in Queens; the Bronx Zoo; Coney Island, Brooklyn; and the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx. Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014, a 10% increase from 2013.[394] In October 2014, the Anbang Insurance Group, based in China, purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for $1.95 billion, making it the world's most expensive hotel ever sold.[395]
Media and entertainment
New York City has been described as the media capital of the world.[396][397] The city is a prominent location for the American entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media being set there.[398] As of 2012[update], New York City was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States, producing about 200 feature films annually, employing 130,000 individuals. The filmed entertainment industry has been growing in New York, contributing nearly $9 billion to the New York City economy alone as of 2015.[399] By volume, New York is the world leader in independent film production—one-third of all American independent films are produced there.[400][401] The Association of Independent Commercial Producers is also based in New York.[402] In the first five months of 2014 alone, location filming for television pilots in New York City exceeded the record production levels for all of 2013,[403] with New York surpassing Los Angeles as the top North American city for the same distinction during the 2013–2014 cycle.[404]
New York City is also a center for the advertising, music, newspaper, digital media, and publishing industries and is also the largest media market in North America.[405] Some of the city's media conglomerates and institutions include Time Warner, the Thomson Reuters Corporation, the Associated Press, Bloomberg L.P., the News Corporation, The New York Times Company, NBCUniversal, the Hearst Corporation, AOL, and Viacom. Seven of the world's top eight global advertising agency networks have their headquarters in New York.[406] Two of the top three record labels' headquarters are in New York: Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group. Universal Music Group also has offices in New York. New media enterprises are contributing an increasingly important component to the city's central role in the media sphere.
More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city,[401] and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people.[407] Two of the three national daily newspapers with the largest circulations in the United States are published in New York: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times, which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism and is considered the U.S. media's "newspaper of record".[408] Tabloid newspapers in the city include The New York Daily News, which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson,[409] and The New York Post, founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton.[410] The city also has a comprehensive ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages.[411] El Diario La Prensa is New York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation.[412] The New York Amsterdam News, published in Harlem, is a prominent African American newspaper. The Village Voice, historically the largest alternative newspaper in the United States, announced in 2017 that it would cease publication of its print edition and convert to a fully digital venture.[413]
The television and radio industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The three major American broadcast networks are all headquartered in New York: ABC, CBS, and NBC. Many cable networks are based in the city as well, including CNN, MSNBC, MTV, Fox News, HBO, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central. News 12 Networks operated News 12 The Bronx and News 12 Brooklyn. The City of New York operates a public broadcast service, NYC Media,[414] which has produced several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government. WBAI, with news and information programming, is one of the few socialist radio stations operating in the United States.
New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971.[415] WNET is the city's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States.[416]
Education and scholarly activity
Primary and secondary education
The New York City Public Schools system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest public school system in the United States, serving about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 separate primary and secondary schools.[417] The city's public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students. The city government pays the Pelham Public Schools to educate a very small, detached section of the Bronx.[418]
The New York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new charter schools.[419] There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city.[420]
Higher education and research
More than 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City's more than 120 higher education institutions, the highest number of any city in the world, with more than half a million in the City University of New York (CUNY) system alone as of 2020[update], including both degree and professional programs.[422] According to Academic Ranking of World Universities, New York City has, on average, the best higher education institutions of any global city.[423] New York City is home to such notable private universities as Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, New York University, New York Institute of Technology, Rockefeller University, and Yeshiva University; several of these universities are ranked among the top universities in the world.[424][425]
The public CUNY system is one of the largest universities in the nation, comprising 24 institutions across all five boroughs: senior colleges, community colleges, and other graduate/professional schools. The public State University of New York (SUNY) system includes campuses in New York City, including: Downstate Health Sciences University, Fashion Institute of Technology, Maritime College, and the College of Optometry. The city also hosts other smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as: St. John's University, The Juilliard School, Manhattan College, The College of Mount Saint Vincent, Parsons School of Design, The New School, Pratt Institute, New York Film Academy, The School of Visual Arts, The King's College, and Wagner College.
Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences. New York City has the most postgraduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, with 127 Nobel laureates having roots in local institutions as of 2005[update];[426] while in 2012, 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New York City.[427] Major biomedical research institutions include Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and Weill Cornell Medical College, being joined by the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology venture on Roosevelt Island. The graduates of SUNY Maritime College in the Bronx earned the highest average annual salary of any university graduates in the United States, $144,000 as of 2017.[428]
Human resources
Public health
The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) operates the public hospitals and clinics in New York City. A public benefit corporation with $6.7 billion in annual revenues, HHC is the largest municipal healthcare system in the United States serving 1.4 million patients, including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents.[430] HHC was created in 1969 by the New York State Legislature as a public benefit corporation (Chapter 1016 of the Laws 1969).[431] HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based primary care sites, serving primarily the poor and working class. HHC's MetroPlus Health Plan is one of the New York area's largest providers of government-sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half million New Yorkers.[432]
HHC's facilities annually provide millions of New Yorkers services interpreted in more than 190 languages.[433] The most well-known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital, the oldest public hospital in the United States. Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the President of the United States and other world leaders if they become sick or injured while in New York City.[434] The president of HHC is Ramanathan Raju, MD, a surgeon and former CEO of the Cook County health system in Illinois.[435] In August 2017, Mayor Bill de Blasio signed legislation outlawing pharmacies from selling cigarettes once their existing licenses to do so expired, beginning in 2018.[436]
Public safety
Police and law enforcement
The New York Police Department (NYPD) has been the largest police force in the United States by a significant margin, with more than 35,000 sworn officers.[437] Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, the media, and their own police cars by the nickname, New York's Finest.
Crime has continued an overall downward trend in New York City since the 1990s.[438] In 2012, the NYPD came under scrutiny for its use of a stop-and-frisk program,[439][440][441] which has undergone several policy revisions since then. In 2014, New York City had the third lowest murder rate among the largest U.S. cities,[442] having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s.[443] Violent crime in New York City decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005, and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases.[444] By 2002, New York City was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 U.S. cities with populations greater than 100,000.[444] In 1992, the city recorded 2,245 murders.[445] In 2005, the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966,[446] and in 2009, the city recorded fewer than 461 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963.[445] In 2017, 60.1% of violent crime suspects were black, 29.6% Hispanic, 6.5% white, 3.6% Asian and 0.2% American Indian.[447] New York City experienced 292 homicides in 2017,[448]
Sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on the explanation for the dramatic decrease in the city's crime rate. Some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the NYPD,[449] including its use of CompStat and the broken windows theory.[450] Others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes,[451] including from immigration.[452] Another theory is that widespread exposure to lead pollution from automobile exhaust, which can lower intelligence and increase aggression levels, incited the initial crime wave in the mid-20th century, most acutely affecting heavily trafficked cities like New York. A strong correlation was found demonstrating that violent crime rates in New York and other big cities began to fall after lead was removed from American gasoline in the 1970s.[453] Another theory cited to explain New York City's falling homicide rate is the inverse correlation between the number of murders and the increasingly wet climate in the city.[454]
Organized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points in the 1820s. The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia, dominated by the Five Families, as well as in gangs, including the Black Spades.[455] The Mafia and gang presence has declined in the city in the 21st century.[456][457]
Firefighting
The Fire Department of New York (FDNY), provides fire protection, technical rescue, primary response to biological, chemical, and radioactive hazards, and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of New York City. The FDNY is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department. The FDNY employs approximately 11,080 uniformed firefighters and more than 3,300 uniformed EMTs and paramedics. The FDNY's motto is New York's Bravest.
The fire department faces multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York. In addition to responding to building types that range from wood-frame single family homes to high-rise structures, the FDNY also responds to fires that occur in the New York City Subway.[458] Secluded bridges and tunnels, as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires, also present challenges.
The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn,[459] and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls Island.[460] There are three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units. One office, at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn, houses Manhattan/Citywide, Brooklyn, and Staten Island Fire Communications; the Bronx and Queens offices are in separate buildings.
Public library system
The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States, serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island.[461] Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, the nation's second largest public library system, while the Brooklyn Public Library serves Brooklyn.[461]
Culture and contemporary life
New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world by New York's Baruch College.[462] A book containing a series of essays titled New York, Culture Capital of the World, 1940–1965 has also been published as showcased by the National Library of Australia.[463] In describing New York, author Tom Wolfe said, "Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather."[464]
Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city, such as the Harlem Renaissance, which established the African-American literary canon in the United States.[465][466] The city became the center of stand-up comedy in the early 20th century, jazz[467] in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s, and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s.[468] The city's punk[469] and hardcore[470] scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s. New York has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature.
The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art; abstract expressionism (also known as the New York School) in painting; and hip hop,[182] punk, salsa, freestyle, Tin Pan Alley, certain forms of jazz, and (along with Philadelphia) disco in music. New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world.[471][472] The city is also frequently the setting for novels, movies (see List of films set in New York City), and television programs. New York Fashion Week is one of the world's preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media.[473][474] New York has also frequently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the Global Language Monitor.[475]
Pace
One of the most common traits attributed to New York City is its fast pace,[476] which spawned the term New York minute.[477] Journalist Walt Whitman characterized New York's streets as being traversed by "hurrying, feverish, electric crowds".[478]
Arts
New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries.[479] The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts.[479] Wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as Carnegie Hall and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which have become internationally renowned. The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions, and in the 1880s, New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical. Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of Harrigan and Hart, George M. Cohan, and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition. New York City itself is the subject or background of many plays and musicals.
Performing arts
Broadway theatre is one of the premier forms of English-language theatre in the world, named after Broadway, the major thoroughfare that crosses Times Square,[480] also sometimes referred to as "The Great White Way".[481][482][483] Forty-one venues in Midtown Manhattan's Theatre District, each with at least 500 seats, are classified as Broadway theatres. According to The Broadway League, Broadway shows sold approximately $1.27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013–2014 season, an 11.4% increase from $1.139 billion in the 2012–2013 season. Attendance in 2013–2014 stood at 12.21 million, representing a 5.5% increase from the 2012–2013 season's 11.57 million.[484] Performance artists displaying diverse skills are ubiquitous on the streets of Manhattan.
Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, is home to numerous influential arts organizations, including the Metropolitan Opera, New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic, and New York City Ballet, as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater, the Juilliard School, Jazz at Lincoln Center, and Alice Tully Hall. The Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute is in Union Square, and Tisch School of the Arts is based at New York University, while Central Park SummerStage presents free music concerts in Central Park.[485]
Visual arts
New York City is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites. Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan,[487] in an area sometimes called Upper Carnegie Hill.[488] The Mile, which contains one of the densest displays of culture in the world, is actually three blocks longer than one mile (1.6 km). Ten museums occupy the length of this section of Fifth Avenue.[489] The tenth museum, the Museum for African Art, joined the ensemble in 2009, although its museum at 110th Street, the first new museum constructed on the Mile since the Guggenheim in 1959,[490] opened in late 2012. In addition to other programming, the museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival, held each year in June, to promote the museums and increase visitation.[491] Many of the world's most lucrative art auctions are held in New York City.[492][493]
Cuisine
New York City's food culture includes an array of international cuisines influenced by the city's immigrant history. Central and Eastern European immigrants, especially Jewish immigrants from those regions, brought bagels, cheesecake, hot dogs, knishes, and delicatessens (or delis) to the city. Italian immigrants brought New York-style pizza and Italian cuisine into the city, while Jewish immigrants and Irish immigrants brought pastrami[495] and corned beef,[496] respectively. Chinese and other Asian restaurants, sandwich joints, trattorias, diners, and coffeehouses are ubiquitous throughout the city. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafel and kebabs[497] examples of modern New York street food. The city is home to "nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the world", according to Michelin.[498] The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene assigns letter grades to the city's restaurants based upon their inspection results.[499] As of 2019, there were 27,043 restaurants in the city, up from 24,865 in 2017.[500] The Queens Night Market in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park attracts more than ten thousand people nightly to sample food from more than 85 countries.[501]
Parades
New York City is well known for its street parades, which celebrate a broad array of themes, including holidays, nationalities, human rights, and major league sports team championship victories. The majority of parades are held in Manhattan. The primary orientation of the annual street parades is typically from north to south, marching along major avenues. The annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is the world's largest parade,[502] beginning alongside Central Park and processing southward to the flagship Macy's Herald Square store;[503] the parade is viewed on telecasts worldwide and draws millions of spectators in person.[502] Other notable parades including the annual St. Patrick's Day Parade in March, the LGBT Pride March in June, the Greenwich Village Halloween Parade in October, and numerous parades commemorating the independence days of many nations. Ticker-tape parades celebrating championships won by sports teams as well as other heroic accomplishments march northward along the Canyon of Heroes on Broadway from Bowling Green to City Hall Park in Lower Manhattan.
Accent and dialect
The New York area is home to a distinctive regional speech pattern called the New York dialect, alternatively known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese. It has generally been considered one of the most recognizable accents within American English.[504]
The traditional New York area accent is characterized as non-rhotic, so that the sound [ɹ] does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant; therefore the pronunciation of the city name as "New Yawk."[505] There is no [ɹ] in words like park [pɑək] or [pɒək] (with vowel backed and diphthongized due to the low-back chain shift), butter [bʌɾə], or here [hiə]. In another feature called the low back chain shift, the [ɔ] vowel sound of words like talk, law, cross, chocolate, and coffee and the often homophonous [ɔr] in core and more are tensed and usually raised more than in General American English. In the most old-fashioned and extreme versions of the New York dialect, the vowel sounds of words like "girl" and of words like "oil" became a diphthong [ɜɪ]. This is often misperceived by speakers of other accents as a reversal of the er and oy sounds, so that girl is pronounced "goil" and oil is pronounced "erl"; this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers saying things like "Joizey" (Jersey), "Toidy-Toid Street" (33rd St.) and "terlet" (toilet).[505] The character Archie Bunker from the 1970s television sitcom All in the Family was an example of having used this pattern of speech.
The classic version of the New York City dialect is generally centered on middle and working-class New Yorkers. The influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect,[505] and the traditional form of this speech pattern is no longer as prevalent among general New Yorkers as it has been in the past.[505]
Sports
New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League,[507] Major League Baseball,[508] the National Basketball Association,[509] the National Hockey League,[510] and Major League Soccer.[511] The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in the four major North American professional sports leagues with nine, one more than Los Angeles, and has 11 top-level professional sports teams if Major League Soccer is included, also one more than Los Angeles. Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues, and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1882.
The city has played host to more than forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing league. Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide (MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field) are located in the New York metropolitan area.[512] Madison Square Garden, its predecessor, the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field, are sporting venues located in New York City, the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps. New York was the first of eight American cities to have won titles in all four major leagues (MLB, NHL, NFL and NBA), having done so following the Knicks' 1970 title. In 1972, it became the first city to win titles in five sports when the Cosmos won the NASL final.
New York has been described as the "Capital of Baseball".[513] There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73 pennants won by New York teams. It is one of only five metro areas (Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore–Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. Additionally, there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other, known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in 2000. No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once (Chicago in 1906, St. Louis in 1944, and the San Francisco Bay Area in 1989).
The city's two Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets, who play at Citi Field in Queens,[514] and the New York Yankees, who play at Yankee Stadium in the Bronx. These teams compete in six games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to be called the Subway Series. The Yankees have won a record 27 championships,[515] while the Mets have won the World Series twice.[516] The city also was once home to the Brooklyn Dodgers (now the Los Angeles Dodgers), who won the World Series once,[517] and the New York Giants (now the San Francisco Giants), who won the World Series five times. Both teams moved to California in 1958.[518] There are also two Minor League Baseball teams in the city, the Brooklyn Cyclones[519] and Staten Island Yankees.[520]
The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets, although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey,[521] which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014.[522]
The metropolitan area is home to three National Hockey League teams. The New York Rangers, the traditional representative of the city itself and one of the league's Original Six, play at Madison Square Garden in Manhattan. The New York Islanders, traditionally representing Nassau and Suffolk Counties of Long Island, play at Barclays Center in Brooklyn and are planning a return to Nassau County by way of a new arena just outside the border with Queens at Belmont Park. The New Jersey Devils play at Prudential Center in nearby Newark, New Jersey and traditionally represent the counties of neighboring New Jersey which are coextensive with the boundaries of the New York metropolitan area and media market.
The city's National Basketball Association teams are the Brooklyn Nets, which played in and were named for New Jersey until 2012, and the New York Knicks, while the New York Liberty is the city's Women's National Basketball Association team. The first national college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city.[523] The city is well known for its links to basketball, which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth, many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the NBA.
In soccer, New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who play their home games at Yankee Stadium[524] and the New York Red Bulls, who play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison, New Jersey.[525] Historically, the city is known for the New York Cosmos, the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the American home of Pelé. A new version of the New York Cosmos was formed in 2010, and began play in the second division North American Soccer League in 2013. The Cosmos play their home games at James M. Shuart Stadium on the campus of Hofstra University, just outside the New York City limits in Hempstead, New York.
The annual United States Open Tennis Championships is one of the world's four Grand Slam tennis tournaments and is held at the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens.[526] The New York City Marathon, which courses through all five boroughs, is the world's largest running marathon,[506] with 51,394 finishers in 2016[527] and 98,247 applicants for the 2017 race.[506] The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year.[528] The city is also considered the host of the Belmont Stakes, the last, longest and oldest of horse racing's Triple Crown races, held just over the city's border at Belmont Park on the first or second Sunday of June. The city also hosted the 1932 U.S. Open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 PGA Championships, and has been host city for both events several times, most notably for nearby Winged Foot Golf Club. The Gaelic games are played in Riverdale, Bronx at Gaelic Park, home to the New York GAA, the only North American team to compete at the senior inter-county level.
Environment
Environmental impact reduction
New York City has focused on reducing its environmental impact and carbon footprint.[530] Mass transit use in New York City is the highest in the United States. Also, by 2010, the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis and other clean diesel vehicles, representing around 28% of New York's taxi fleet in service, the most of any city in North America.[531] New York City is the host of Climate Week NYC, the largest Climate Week to take place globally and regarded as major annual climate summit.
New York's high rate of public transit use, more than 200,000 daily cyclists as of 2014[update],[532] and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States.[533] Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%.[534] In both its 2011 and 2015 rankings, Walk Score named New York City the most walkable large city in the United States,[535][536][537] and in 2018, Stacker ranked New York the most walkable U.S. city.[538] Citibank sponsored the introduction of 10,000 public bicycles for the city's bike-share project in the summer of 2013.[539] New York City's numerical "in-season cycling indicator" of bicycling in the city had hit an all-time high of 437 when measured in 2014.[540]
The city government was a petitioner in the landmark Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency Supreme Court case forcing the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants. The city is a leader in the construction of energy-efficient green office buildings, including the Hearst Tower among others.[191] Mayor Bill de Blasio has committed to an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions between 2014 and 2050 to reduce the city's contributions to climate change, beginning with a comprehensive "Green Buildings" plan.[530]
Water purity and availability
New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed.[541] As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants.[542] The city's municipal water system is the largest in the United States, moving over one billion gallons of water per day.[543] The Croton Watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a $3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily, representing a greater than 20% addition to the city's current availability of water.[544] The ongoing expansion of New York City Water Tunnel No. 3, an integral part of the New York City water supply system, is the largest capital construction project in the city's history,[545] with segments serving Manhattan and the Bronx completed, and with segments serving Brooklyn and Queens planned for construction in 2020.[546] In 2018, New York City announced a $1 billion investment to protect the integrity of its water system and to maintain the purity of its unfiltered water supply.[543]
Air quality
According to the 2016 World Health Organization Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database,[547] the annual average concentration in New York City's air of particulate matter measuring 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) was 7.0 micrograms per cubic meter, or 3.0 micrograms below the recommended limit of the WHO Air Quality Guidelines for the annual mean PM2.5.[548] The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, in partnership with Queens College, conducts the New York Community Air Survey to measure pollutants at about 150 locations.[549]
Environmental revitalization
Newtown Creek, a 3.5-mile (6-kilometer) a long estuary that forms part of the border between the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, has been designated a Superfund site for environmental clean-up and remediation of the waterway's recreational and economic resources for many communities.[550] One of the most heavily used bodies of water in the Port of New York and New Jersey, it had been one of the most contaminated industrial sites in the country,[551] containing years of discarded toxins, an estimated 30 million US gallons (110,000 m3) of spilled oil, including the Greenpoint oil spill, raw sewage from New York City's sewer system,[551] and other accumulation.
Government and politics
Government
New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor–council form of government[552] since its consolidation in 1898. In New York City, the city government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services.
The Mayor and council members are elected to four-year terms. The City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries.[553] Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive-term limit,[554] which is reset after a four-year break. The New York City Administrative Code, the New York City Rules, and the City Record are the code of local laws, compilation of regulations, and official journal, respectively.[555][556]
Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System, of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts, while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals. Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court, Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department. There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts, which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System.
Uniquely among major American cities, New York is divided between, and is host to the main branches of, two different U.S. district courts: the District Court for the Southern District of New York, whose main courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx; and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York, whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and U.S. Court of International Trade are also based in New York, also on Foley Square in Manhattan.
Politics
The present mayor is Bill de Blasio, the first Democrat since 1993.[557] He was elected in 2013 with over 73% of the vote, and assumed office on January 1, 2014.
The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of April 2016, 69% of registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10% are Republicans.[558] New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924. In 2012, Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80% of the overall vote in New York City, sweeping all five boroughs. Party platforms center on affordable housing, education, and economic development, and labor politics are of importance in the city. Thirteen out of 27 U.S. congressional districts in the State of New York include portions of New York City.[559]
New York is one of the most important sources of political fundraising in the United States. At least four of the top five ZIP Codes in the nation for political contributions were in Manhattan for the 2004, 2006, and 2008 elections. The top ZIP Code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of George W. Bush and John Kerry.[560] The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in taxes (or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back). City residents and businesses also sent an additional $4.1 billion in the 2009–2010 fiscal year to the state of New York than the city received in return.[561]
Transportation
New York City's comprehensive transportation system is both complex and extensive.
Rapid transit
Mass transit in New York City, most of which runs 24 hours a day, accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the United States, and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New York City Metropolitan Area.[562][563]
Rail
The iconic New York City Subway system is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with 472, and by length of routes. Nearly all of New York's subway system is open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including Hong Kong,[564][565] London, Paris, Seoul,[566][567] and Tokyo. The New York City Subway is also the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the Western Hemisphere, with 1.76 billion passenger rides in 2015,[568] while Grand Central Terminal, also referred to as "Grand Central Station", is the world's largest railway station by number of train platforms.
Public transport is essential in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit.[569] This is in contrast to the rest of the United States, where 91% of commuters travel in automobiles to their workplace.[570] According to the New York City Comptroller, workers in the New York City area spend an average of 6 hours and 18 minutes getting to work each week, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities.[571] New York is the only U.S. city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car.[572] Due to their high usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average, saving $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans.[573]
New York City's commuter rail network is the largest in North America.[562] The rail network, connecting New York City to its suburbs, consists of the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad, and New Jersey Transit. The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines.[562] In Queens, the elevated AirTrain people mover system connects JFK International Airport to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road; a separate AirTrain system is planned alongside the Grand Central Parkway to connect LaGuardia Airport to these transit systems.[574][575] For intercity rail, New York City is served by Amtrak, whose busiest station by a significant margin is Pennsylvania Station on the West Side of Manhattan, from which Amtrak provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. along the Northeast Corridor, and long-distance train service to other North American cities.[576]
The Staten Island Railway rapid transit system solely serves Staten Island, operating 24 hours a day. The Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH train) links Midtown and Lower Manhattan to northeastern New Jersey, primarily Hoboken, Jersey City, and Newark. Like the New York City Subway, the PATH operates 24 hours a day; meaning three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro).
Multibillion-dollar heavy rail transit projects under construction in New York City include the Second Avenue Subway, and the East Side Access project.[577]
Buses
New York City's public bus fleet runs 24/7 and is the largest in North America.[579] The Port Authority Bus Terminal, the main intercity bus terminal of the city, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it the busiest bus station in the world.[578]
Air
New York's airspace is the busiest in the United States and one of the world's busiest air transportation corridors. The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area include John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport; 130.5 million travelers used these three airports in 2016, and the city's airspace is the busiest in the nation.[580] JFK and Newark Liberty were the busiest and fourth busiest U.S. gateways for international air passengers, respectively, in 2012; as of 2011[update], JFK was the busiest airport for international passengers in North America.[581]
Plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport, Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, New York, by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.[582] Plans were announced in July 2015 to entirely rebuild LaGuardia Airport in a multibillion-dollar project to replace its aging facilities.[583] Other commercial airports in or serving the New York metropolitan area include Long Island MacArthur Airport, Trenton–Mercer Airport and Westchester County Airport. The primary general aviation airport serving the area is Teterboro Airport.
Ferries
The Staten Island Ferry is the world's busiest ferry route, carrying more than 23 million passengers from July 2015 through June 2016 on the 5.2-mile (8.4 km) route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24 hours a day.[584] Other ferry systems shuttle commuters between Manhattan and other locales within the city and the metropolitan area.
NYC Ferry, a NYCEDC initiative with routes planned to travel to all five boroughs, was launched in 2017, with second graders choosing the names of the ferries.[585] Meanwhile, Seastreak ferry announced construction of a 600-passenger high-speed luxury ferry in September 2016, to shuttle riders between the Jersey Shore and Manhattan, anticipated to start service in 2017; this would be the largest vessel in its class.[586]
Taxis, vehicles for hire, and trams
Other features of the city's transportation infrastructure encompass 13,587 yellow taxicabs;[587] other vehicle for hire companies;[588][589] and the Roosevelt Island Tramway, an aerial tramway that transports commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan Island.
Streets and highways
Despite New York's heavy reliance on its vast public transit system, streets are a defining feature of the city. The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, including Broadway,[590] Wall Street,[591] Madison Avenue,[350] and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there: the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations, respectively.
New York City also has an extensive web of freeways and parkways, which link the city's boroughs to each other and to North Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut through various bridges and tunnels. Because these highways serve millions of outer borough and suburban residents who commute into Manhattan, it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in traffic congestion that are a daily occurrence, particularly during rush hour.[592][593] Congestion pricing in New York City will go into effect in 2022 at the earliest.[594][595][596]
New York City is also known for its rules regarding turning at red lights. Unlike the rest of the United States, New York State prohibits right or left turns on red in cities with a population greater than one million, to reduce traffic collisions and increase pedestrian safety. In New York City, therefore, all turns at red lights are illegal unless a sign permitting such maneuvers is present.[597]
River crossings
New York City is located on one of the world's largest natural harbors,[600] and the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are primarily coterminous with islands of the same names, while Queens and Brooklyn are located at the west end of the larger Long Island, and the Bronx is located on New York State's mainland. This situation of boroughs separated by water led to the development of an extensive infrastructure of bridges and tunnels.
The George Washington Bridge is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge,[598][599] connecting Manhattan to Bergen County, New Jersey. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world's longest.[601][602] The Brooklyn Bridge is an icon of the city itself. The towers of the Brooklyn Bridge are built of limestone, granite, and Rosendale cement, and their architectural style is neo-Gothic, with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers. This bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903, and is the first steel-wire suspension bridge. The Queensboro Bridge is an important piece of cantilever architecture. The Manhattan Bridge, opened in 1909, is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges, and its design served as the model for many of the long-span suspension bridges around the world; the Manhattan Bridge, Throgs Neck Bridge, Triborough Bridge, and Verrazano-Narrows Bridge are all examples of Structural Expressionism.[603][604]
Manhattan Island is linked to New York City's outer boroughs and New Jersey by several tunnels as well. The Lincoln Tunnel, which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world.[605] The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan's piers. The Holland Tunnel, connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City, New Jersey, was the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927.[606][607] The Queens-Midtown Tunnel, built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn, was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940.[608] President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first person to drive through it.[609] The Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel (officially known as the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel) runs underneath Battery Park and connects the Financial District at the southern tip of Manhattan to Red Hook in Brooklyn.
Cycling network
Cycling in New York City is associated with mixed cycling conditions that include urban density, relatively flat terrain, congested roadways with "stop-and-go" traffic, and many pedestrians. The city's large cycling population includes utility cyclists, such as delivery and messenger services; cycling clubs for recreational cyclists; and increasingly commuters.[610] Cycling is increasingly popular in New York City; in 2017 there were approximately 450,000 daily bike trips, compared with 170,000 daily bike trips in 2005.[611] As of 2017[update], New York City had 1,333 miles (2,145 km) of bike lanes, compared to 513 miles (826 km) of bike lanes in 2006.[612] As of 2019, there are 126 miles (203 km) of segregated or "protected" bike lanes citywide.[613]
New York City has taken actions to restrict the usage of e-bikes.
Notable people
Global outreach
In 2006, the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. was restructured and renamed New York City Global Partners. Through this program, New York City has expanded its international outreach to a network of cities worldwide, promoting the exchange of ideas and innovation between their citizenry and policymakers. New York's historic sister cities are denoted below by the year they joined New York City's partnership network.[614]
New York City Global Partners network |
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Africa
|
See also
- Outline of New York City
Notes
- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ Official weather observations for Central Park were conducted at the Arsenal at Fifth Avenue and 64th Street from 1869 to 1919, and at Belvedere Castle since 1919.[221]
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Further reading
- Belden, E. Porter (1849). New York, Past, Present, and Future: Comprising a History of the City of New York, a Description of its Present Condition, and an Estimate of its Future Increase. New York: G.P. Putnam. From Google Books.
- Burgess, Anthony (1976). New York. New York: Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 978-90-6182-266-0.
- Burrows, Edwin G. and Wallace, Mike (1999). Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-195-11634-8.
- Federal Writers' Project (1939). The WPA Guide to New York City (1995 reissue ed.). New York: The New Press. ISBN 978-1-56584-321-9.
- Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (1995). The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300055366.
- Jackson, Kenneth T.; Dunbar, David S., eds. (2005). Empire City: New York Through the Centuries. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10909-3.
- Lankevich, George L. (1998). American Metropolis: A History of New York City. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-5186-2.
- White, E.B. (1949). Here is New York (2000 reissue ed.). Little Bookroom.
- White, Norval & Willensky, Elliot (2000). AIA Guide to New York City (4th ed.). New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-8129-3107-5.
- Whitehead, Colson (2003). The Colossus of New York: A City in 13 Parts. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-50794-3.
External links
- Official website
- NYC Go, official tourism website of New York City
- New York City at Curlie
Geographic data related to New York City at OpenStreetMap.
- Collections, 145,000 NYC photographs at the Museum of the City of New York
- "The New New York Skyline". National Geographic. November 2015. (Interactive.)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Preceded by Trenton, New Jersey | Capital of the United States of America 1785–1791 | Succeeded by Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |